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Huancayo

Malnutrition in Peru

Talk:Indigenous peoples in Peru

Healthcare in Peru

Evaluating two articles
Huancayo Page:

In this article, a lot of the things I noticed had to do with the layout of the page and the wording of explanations. The first thing I notice when I go on this page are the images, and I wondered why they were all titled Santisima Trinidad de Huancyo, if they all pertain to a different areas of Peru which is evident when you click on the image individually and in the middle of the page, where we see the same images once again. Given that the images are used again in the middle of the article, there is a huge gap of blank space between the demographics section and data table.

Another thing I noticed about this page was that there wasn't any in-text citations for the sub-heading titled Recent situation which may require some editing to validate the current statements and provide further insight about Huancayo's current situation. It also felt weird that Notable people were found at the bottom of the page. It seems like a minor factor that alludes to the layout of the page but it just felt natural to question why they weren't located higher on the page.

In terms of the sources, two of the hyperlinks were not accessible and resulted in an error but the archived documents linked next to the website were retrievable. I wondered if having the physical link was still necessary even though it led to an error. One of the sources was an online article used to cite a sentence in the transportation section but I wonder if a better source can be found to support those claims.

The talk page of this article focused primarily on the source's links.

Malnutrition in Peru Page:

The author of this page was a student at Rice University who created the page as an assignment. As in the article about Huancayo, some minor improvements may include re-wording and restructuring of order. This page was different from the page about Huancayo, since it did not contain any images which was my first impression but given the topic, it made sense to not have images. Since the article describes the differences in regions based on the current conditions, I thought it would be helpful to include images that can demonstrate such characteristics. The overall organization of the page followed a great order since it introduced the topic, causes, and solutions. This author did provide an extensive amount of sources which adds on to the credibility of information presented.

Much of this article also focused on the high levels of malnutrition present in impoverished communities and providing further reasoning for those conditions. However, I think that it may be important to consider why the percentage of malnutrition present in impoverished and affluent communities the same. If I choose to dive deeper into the causes, this article then becomes a form of research rather than an encyclopedia article so I am not sure how to take on that task.

The talk page of this article consists of thoughts for improvement related to updating statistics about the programs that have been implemented in Peru and an expansion on relief efforts of malnutrition aside from government help, possibly focusing on non-profit sector. There was also a suggestion added about including more details for the numbers (%) used to describe conditions and more details in general about the interventions that have been used.

Summarizing and Synthesizing
Huancayo Article Edits

History

Huancayo is located near the tierra fria attitudinal zone. Unlike the other nearby cities, the development of Huancayo's metropolitan areas are not a direct result of mining, rather it is due to manufacturing and commerce of agricultural and animal products, such as wheat, potatoes, milk, textiles, and leather.

Huancayo Metropolitano is made up of seven districts that form the urban center of Junin's region. This region is considered Peru's economic and social hub.

This metropolitan area belongs to the Quechua region and it is built on next to the Shullcas River that is a branch of the [ [||Mantaro River]].

Recent Situation Section:

The city's rise began with the construction of a central railway Callao-La Oroya in 1908 and later extended from Lima to Huancayo in the early 1930's. The railway connection between Lima and Huancayo, introduced new ways of transporting goods. The railway's new avenues for transport contributed to the city's economic and population growth. Population growth was mostly present in [|El Tambo] and Chilica, two suburban districts near the highways. Furthermore, population growth between 1981 and 2007 was a result of in-migration due to terrorist attacks of Sendero Luminoso. People from highlands and amazonian lowlands sought refugee in Andean cities such as Huancayo.

Malnutrition in Peru Article Edits

Vasos de Leche Program section:

Description of Program

The Glass of Milk program is a well-funded program that disburses a substantial amount of milk resources primarily to poor households with low nutritional status; 60% of the allocated budget goes towards supporting the poor.

The government chose to use milk as an in-kind benefit because it is assumed to contain an excessive amount of nutrients. The glass of milk program was introduced in Lima in 1984 and expanded nationally in 1998. Transfers to municipalities are conducted monthly and each municipality has an administrative committee put in place that is in charge of deciding who, what, and how much of the resource is disbursed. This program may also provide recipients with cereal instead of milk or a combination of both. Households with children under 6 years old are prioritized, followed by households with children 7-13 years old. Within the age groups, families are ranked based on need.

Effectiveness of Program

This article challenges the implementation of the program and it effectiveness in improving malnutrition:

It was found that the glass of milk program does not provide enough nutritional value when the appropriate diet is inaccessible to the child. In order to benefit from the milk's nutrients, consumers must have access to root crops. Lacking consumption of [ [|roots|crops]] can counteract the positive effects of milk nutrients. The Glass of Milk program provides milk resources to impoverished communities. However, the program aims to support families with children (6 months-7 years old), pregnant and lactating mothers. Within the first six months of a child’s life, it is ideal for them to be breastfed but there are also setbacks in milk production and quality. Not having access to adequate food is critical in the mother’s ability to produce nutritious breast milk.

Despite the millions of dollars that are spent each year on similar programs that aim to improve nutritional outcomes, the program's efforts have not been proven to significantly improve the nutritional outcomes of their targeted population.

Other thoughts for Malnutrition in Peru, perhaps a new section that describes food access for indigenous populations who are disproportionately affected by malnutrition.

Environmental barriers in food access

Not having access to food can result in overeating when food is available. Overeating can lead to detrimental health issues and the inconsistent patterns of food consumption will negatively affect our health and growth.

Some causes of malnutrition include: reduced dietary intake, reduced absorption of macro and/or micro-nutrients, increased losses or altered requirements, and an increase in energy expenditure. Food intake reductions can affect the growth of cytokines, glucocorticoids, and insulin. When levels of food intake are low for a long period, our bodies begin to draw on tissues such as muscle, adipose and bones, significantly affecting our body formation and growth.

Indigenous people are the oldest populations present in Peru and are slowly being displaced. Environmental factors such as arid areas, seasonal changes and lack of water have contributed to the varying amount of food. Indigenous people experience a higher rate of obesity, micro-nutrient, vitamin, mineral deficiencies and higher child mortality rates.

Infant mortality in Peru was on average much higher (42.1 per 1,000) from 1995 to 2000 than in other Latin American countries. The prevalence of poverty, mortality and malnutrition vary by geographic regions. Three distinct geographic zones make up Peru: the Pacific coastal area, the Selva, lowland jungle of the Amazon River basin and the Sierra, Andean highlands. is divided into three major geographic zones. Richer and more developed cities like Lima are located in the Pacific coastal are. The Selva includes an array of forest areas and their inhabitants are scattered throughout the area. It is difficult to access them due to geography and climate. In the Andean highlands, 73% of the population live below the poverty line and 40% of them live in extreme poverty, most of whom belong to indigenous populations.

This article measures how the Peru's urban poor deal with food insecurity and economic hardship by examining the coping strategies they adapt. The urban poor spend a large portion of their food and do not have access to agriculture or land to grow their own food to subsidize their food intake when they are facing economic hardships. Urban dwellers become dependent on cash income for food and other basic needs because they cannot fall back on agriculture production like their rural counterparts. Urban dwellers are more affected by the price and income changes that take place in regards to food. For this reason, employment is essential in urban households to a be food secure.

Infant eating patterns are affected when access to traditional foods are altered because of environment changes, and the role of outside markets. Local foods accessible to indigenous populations provide nutrients at a lower cost than market foods. When local crops, animals and other food resources become unavailable, indigenous and other local communities are faced with the challenge of going out of their region to access food which costs more and feeds less since most of their financial resources are used for travel.

Public spending has a positive impact on child growth, there are groups of individuals who do not benefit from public expenditures such as indigenous and frailer children.

Infant mortality in rural areas was 53 per 1,000, compared to 27 per 1,000 in urban areas and 14 percent of children are malnourished in urban areas, compared to 46 percent in rural areas. Nutritional deprivation negatively impacts cognitive development and human capital formation.

Improvements in public expenditures increases access to health care in urban areas but it does not have in rural areas.

40% of children in rural areas suffered from chronic malnutrition and 13% in urban areas.

My Contributions
Huancayo Article:

For this article, there was very little research found on the region in general. A lot of the information I found was already on the page so I decided to focus on developing the section that describes the city's current situation. In doing so, I added more information about the most current development changes and economic growth that has taken place as a result of the railroad construction connecting Lima and Huancayo. I also added more information about the grographic regions surrounding Huancayo.

Malnutrition in Peru Article:

In this article, I focused on adding information about the effectiveness of the Vasos de Leche Program (Glass of Milk). I also added more information about the causes of malnutrition in Peru and the differences found between urban and rural areas in terms of resource access and child growth patterns.I also added information about the effects malnutrition has on child growth and development; mostly adding facts and percentages.