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Heritability of personality
 * Big Five
 * Disorders
 * Other

The way how heritability is estimated is by measuring shared environment and non-shared environment using the sample of twin and examine their change in the personality. Many of researchers think that genotype and environment factor determine the phenotype, which means that nature and nurture create the unique feature of human beings. The current question is how much each proportion have the effect on particular samples and how that proportion changes among those samples.

1 Big Five The Big Five personality traits is one of the well-known personality assessment consists from five factors: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism.

Regardless of the dimensions and facets, the influence of environment was consistent. Non-shared environment has the most of influence while shared environment only possesses the ignorable proportion of the variance in most scales.

In the study of Jang and Livesley, the percentage of heritability in the big five factors are as follows: 41% for Neuroticism, 53% for Extraversion, 41% Agreeableness, 44% Conscientiousness, and, 61% for Openness. This result may differ depending on the way of measurement or the participants. For example, although these numbers are close to and were able to replicate the study of Loehlin, there are significant differences for Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness between this study and the one conducted by Bergeman. In the study of Bergeman, the mean age of participants was 59, while the one in the Jang and Livesley was 31. This discrepancy could be explained due to the increase in age.

2 Disorder ''Disorder ''Although it is not fixed, similar to personality, disorder is also inheritable to some extent. In anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder (SOD) is one of the most prevailed one, and this has the association with other emotional disorders and substance use, such as avoidant personality disorder (AVPD). In addition, SOD has the overlaps with AVPD considerably. This is same for the risks of SAD with AVPD.

Among biological relatives of SAD probands, SAD is substantially prevailed. Also, as getting closer to the probands genetically, the one would be relatively exposed to the high risk of SAD.

Substance use Substance use disorder (SUDs) is also one of most prevalent and highly comorbid, which means the simultaneous presence of two chronic diseases. The transmissible liability index (TLI) is a measurement of SUDs.

A study have found that both male and female twins exhibited highly heritable (r=.76) and showed moderate associations with adolescent substance abuse (r=.29) and behavioral disinhibition (r=.40) Genetic factors accounted for association between TLI scores and the adolescent outcomes.

'''3 Other 'Religious values and religious attendance ''Some studies examined the relationship between heritability and religiousness. Most cases, children follow what their parents believe in terms of the religion. The researchers examined the relationship by measuring how those children chose what to believe and how to behave as they grow. The study found that both genetic and shared environment have the role in stability of religious value, although genetic factor contributes less compare to the environment factor.

While shared environment has the largest contribution to the stability of religious values and attendance in the younger adolescence, genetic factor also has the influence on stability of them in older adolescence. This is because most of the younger adolescences stay with their family where they are exposed to the beliefs of the family. On the other hand, older adolescences are more likely to leave their home and choose their own environment according to their innate and fundamental genetic predispositions. In the same study, no sex difference was found in the etiology of stability and change.

Heritability of Personality

The article is about the heritable personality. The section for disorders may contain about bipolar disorders and psychopathy. The one for Others may contain about religion.

1 Basic concept

2 Disorders

3 Big Five

4 Others

Articles

Hahn, E. (2013). Genetic and environmental influences on substance initiation, use, and problem use in adolescents         Journal of Research in Personality, 47, 757-767. doi:  10.1016/j.jrp.2013.07.003

Loehlin, J, C., McCrae, R, R., Costa, P, T. Jr., & John, O, P. (1998). Heritabilities of common and measure-specific components of the Big Five personality factors. Journal of Research in Personality, 32, 431-453. dos: 110.1006/jrpe.1998.2225

Jang, K, L., Lively, W, J., & Vernon, P, A. (1996). Heritability of the big five personality dimensions and their facets: A twin study. Journal of Personality, 64, 577-591. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00522.x

Hicks, B, M., Iacono, W, G., & McGue, M. (2012). Index of the transmissible common liability to addiction: Heritability and prospective associations with substance abuse and related outcomes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 123, 18-23. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.017

Clark, D, A., Durbin, C, E., Hicks, B, M., Iacono, W, G., & McGue, M. (2017) Personality in the age of industry: Structure, heritability, and correlates of personality in middle childhood from the perspective of parents, teachers, and children. Journal of Research in Personality, 67, 132-143. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2016.06.013

Isomer, K., Boman, M., Rück, C., Serlachius, E., Larsson, H., Lichtenstein, P., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2015). Population-based, multi-generational family clustering study of social anxiety disorder and avoidant personality disorder. Psychological Medicine, 45, 1581-1589. doi: 10.1017/S0033291714002116

Button, T, M, M., Stallings, M, C., Rhee, S, H., CORLEY, R, P., & HEWITT, J, K. (2011). The etiology of stability and change in religious values and religious attendance. Behaviour Genetics, 41, 201-210. doi: 10.1017/s10519-010-9388-3

Jakubowski U., & Oniszczenko, W. (2010). The role of personality, cognitive, environmental and genetic factors as determinants of religious fundamentalism: A twin study in a Polish sample. Studio Psychologica, 52, 253-263. doi: