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Certain medical scanning machines such as MRI, CT scans, and PET scans, offer a way to see inside the living bodies in real time. These resources can help to understand, to study, to view, and diagnose. In fact, the New England Journal of Medicine named medical imaging one of the top development that "changed the face of clinical medicine." The fMRI, "functional magnetic resonance imaging," allows the imaging to follow brain activity by it's ability to detect areas of increased blood flow in the brain. These areas allow the fMRI to measure the areas in which are involved with a specific mental process. This allows for clinical research, providing a non-invasive study of learning, memory, pain and emotional states in humans. Then replacing inhumane and invasive studies to attempt to study these in animals.