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 Australian Chinese cuisine 

Australian Chinese cuisine is a style of Chinese cuisine cooking developed and mastered by Australians of Chinese descent. The dishes are served in many states and cities in Australia and are adapted to the Western tastes which are prepared slightly different from the authentic dishes in China. However, as the population of Chinese people living in Australia has been increasing steadily, Australia is now hosting many restaurants that serve highly authentic Chinese dishes.

History

Chinese people have arrived in Australia since the very start of the British Colonisation; they worked as crew member for several ships of the First Fleet. However, not until the Australian Gold Rushes that many Chinese immigrants decided to move to the country. The Australian Gold Rushes have drawn thousands of Chinese people, mostly from villages in Southern China especially the Pearl River delta.

In 1855, there were 11,493 Chinese arrivals in Melbourne, Victoria. However, because of the the large number of Chinese in goldfields, there have been conflicts and tensions between the Chinese and Europeans. Intense racist sentiments in both the parliament and on the goldfields have resulted in the implement of the first Chinese immigration restriction in Victoria. Due to such legislations, thousands of miners have moved across states, mostly to New South Wales and Queensland in periods between 1857-1860.

As gold was rare and mining was always a dangerous job, Chinese people started to do different jobs to earn a living. Many chose to open small grocery stores or fruit and vegetable-hawking businesses, others decided to enter the fishing and fish curing industry. However, most Chinese immigrants decided to open Chinese restaurants that served traditional dishes. By 1890, it was said that 33% of all the cooks in Australia were Chinese. Overtime, these Chinese communities grew and established Chinatowns in several major cities around Australia, including Sydney (Chinatown, Sydney), Melbourne (Chinatown, Melbourne) and Brisbane (Chinatown, Brisbane) and as well as regional towns associated with the goldfields such as Cairns Chinatown. The establishment of Chinatowns further expand and encourage the involvement of Chinese culture in Australia.

 Chinese Cuisine in Australia 

Australian Chinese cuisine cooking styles were originally inspired by the cooking styles of provinces in the Pearl River Delta, most notably Sichuan and Guangdong. Therefore, Chinese cuisine in Australia from the beginning were usually hot, spicy and numbing (Sichuan cuisine); and/or sweet and sour. (Guangdong cuisine). During the first Gold Rushes period, Chinese labourers were found working their second job at small food stores which were referred to as "cookhouses" to serve their own people. However, at this time, there was little accessibility towards traditional ingredients, especially vegetables such as Bok Choy and Choy sum. As a result, after the White Australia Policy was revoked, many Chinese migrants brought seeds from China and started to grow their own vegetables at home to increase the variety in Australia. Since then, the Australian Chinese cuisine started to develop more authentically with an increasing utilisation of traditional ingredients. Nowadays, Australia has welcomed and adapted to different Chinese cooking styles from different provinces including Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and others. Nonetheless, there are still differences between the Chinese cuisine found in China and Australia.

Chinese food has been named as Australia’s favourite cuisine according to Roy Morgan Research. However despite its popularity, Australian Chinese cuisine still slightly differs to the authentic Chinese cuisine. One of the reason for this is due to the conflicts between Australian and Chinese people. In order for these Chinese restaurants to survive, Chinese chefs were expected to provide food that would not directly compete with that of white establishments, but would still suit to western tastes. As a result, many Australian Chinese restaurants have adjusted their food to better adapt to the Australians’ appetites. For instance, traditional cuisines of China considers vegetables as a main dish; while Westerners only treat vegetables as side dishes. To better suit the local diners, Chinese restaurants offer more meat options on the menus.

Moreover, as Guangdong's cooking styles focusing on producing a fresh and tender taste. Their cooking methods usually favor steaming and braising the most. However, to better adapt to the Australian palates, deep-fried and saucy Asian dishes have also been included in the new menus. These includes sweet and sour pork, sticky lemon chicken and dim sim. Inspired by the authentic Chinese dish, Dim Sum - the dim sim or “dimmy” is developed by Chinese chef William Wing Young around 1945 in Melbourne. Dimsim is a dumpling with thick (crispy) skin filled with meat and is usually fried. It is normally mistaken for Dim Sum - small bite-sized portions of food served in small baskets which are usually cooked by the steaming method.

Another example showing the adaptation of the Chinese cuisine can be seen through how Mathew Chan has developed Peacock Gardens Restaurant into the symbol of Modern Australian Chinese cuisine. In one of the interviews with News.com.au, Mathew said that back in the 70's, Australian customers are not yet familiar with dishes such as “chicken chop suey, san choy bow and beef and black bean". It was Mathew Chan who has introduced these dishes into Australia with a few Western twists. For example, with 'san choy bow', understanding that Australian people were not familiar with pigeon meat, Chan decided to change the main protein to pork and beef mince. Furthermore many vegetables were also substituted: cabbage to celery; bamboo shoots to water chestnuts; and most notably how Western broccoli have been used more frequently instead of Chinese broccoli.

Furthermore, as the popularity of Chinese cuisine has been increasing steadily in Australia for the past century, unheard Chinese ingredients are now appearing in Australians kitchens more regularly. For instance, Tofu - a dish that was not accepted in Australia has now been the main ingredient in many dishes served in the country. Tofu was discovered over 2000 years ago by the action of curding soymilk and pressing those curds into blocks with different textures such as soft, firm and extra-firm. A well-known tofu dish that are normally served in Chinese restaurants around the country is Mapo Tofu.

However, on the other hand, some Australian Chinese dishes are actually inspired by the Western Cuisine, this includes the Wasabi Prawn. This dish was developed by Matthew Chan during a business trip to America “I got the idea from the Hilton’s San Francisco Grill where they had mustard on roast beef. I tried to do mustard steak but it didn’t work, so I tried it with prawns.” In this dish, the prawns are coated with the tangy and creamy English mustard and are served with a side of deep-fried spinach leaves sprinkled with sugar to balance the mustard’s sharp and strong flavours.

In short, most Chinese restaurants in Australia are designed to be able to cater both Chinese and non-Chinese customers. That being said, there are many items on the menu such as chicken liver, ox tongue, pig uteri and other dishes that can 'frighten' the Western customers. Furthermore, due to the large population of Chinese people in Australia nowadays, there are more and more Australian Chinese restaurants that serve highly authentic tastes.

 Restaurants 

Due to such large popularity, Chinese restaurants can be found in every suburbs in every cities of Australia. However, the most concentrated location of Chinese restaurants in Australia is identifies as Chinatowns. Here, the dishes are normally prepared to cater for recent Asian immigrants, tourists as well as Western people with a larger variety of cuisine; including Anhui, Cantonese, Fujian, Shandong, Sichuan and others.

Chinese restaurants can also be serving food at different price points; as well as serving both traditional and modern Chinese food. For instance, Chinese restaurants which are found in food-courts normally provide food for customers with shoestring budget. For instance, in Haymarket,Sydney, inside Dixon House, there are many Chinese food stalls that serve affordable Chinese meals. Dixon House, opened in 1982, is one of the most well-known Chinatown food courts. According to Thang Ngo "[Dixon House] is still the most Chinese of the Chinatown food courts" The place now boasts restaurants such as Oriental Dumpling King and Sizzling and Hot Pot Kitchen, where customers can find meals that range from AU$10 - AU$20.

On the other hand, Chinese restaurants can also be very expensive. The Golden Century Seafood Restaurant, located in Sydney Chinatown, has become the symbol for Chinese luxurious dining. The restaurant was established in 1989 and is known for their 'from tank to plate' serving style. This serving style, according to presenter Gus Worland, has provided an assurance for the freshness of the ingredients. Signature dishes such as Braised Lobster with Ginger and Shallot as well as Braised Whole Abalone with Oyster Sauce can cost the customers around AU$300. Moreover, the reason why The Golden Century Seafood Restaurant has become very well-known is that the place has been hosting royalty, politicians and celebrities. For instance, former United States president, George W. Bush has been spotted eating Peking Duck; or well-known celebrities such as Rihanna and Lady Gaga have also been seen to enjoy seafood at the restaurant.

Australia also contains of authentic restaurants which serves traditional styles as well as restaurants that serves contemporary Chinese cuisine. Authentic Chinese cuisine can be found in Supper Inn Chinese Restaurant. Supper Inn was established in the 1980s; the restaurant is located in the central business district of Melbourne. The food served by Super Inn is described as classic Chinese/Cantonese food: "It is such a simple comfort to eat here, [the restaurant] serves quality consistent Cantonese food." Super Inn's signature dishes include chicken congee and BBQ Suckling Pig. These dishes have been around in China for thousands of years. Moreover, the restaurant is also famous for its late night food; the restaurant only decided to close at 2:30 AM - everyday.

On the contrary, there are also restaurants that decided to combine the authentic tastes Chinese cuisine with other cuisines around the world to create its own version of contemporary Chinese food. Mr Wong is an example of this. The restaurant was co-created by Dan Hong and Michael Lou. Mr Wong, described by Sydney Morning Herald as a "self-contained Chinatown in the middle of Sydney". The restaurant offers a customised menu with the utilisation of many foreign ingredients has changed Australian people's perspective on Chinese cuisine. Indeed, xiaolongbao, a type of Chinese steamed bun which usually has a minced pork filling has now been swapped with lobster and scallop. Furthermore, Mr Wong also offers a modern drinks menu with cocktails and house-made ginger beer clearly suggests its effort to change the customers' views on Chinese cuisine.

 Dishes 

Chinese dishes that have been adapted to Australian tastes include:


 * Lemon Chicken: consists of pieces of chicken meat that are normally deep-fried and coated with a sticky, sweet and sour lemon-flavoured sauce. Despite its lacks of resemblance to authentic Chinese cuisine found in China, lemon chicken is very popular in Australian Chinese restaurants. It might have borne very little resemblance to actual Chinese food from China
 * Lettuce Wraps: also known as San Choy Bow is a well known Chinese dish where originally pigeon minces were wrapped inside a lettuce leaf. However, in Australia, the pigeon mince has been substituted for mainly pork minces.
 * Chicken Stir-fried: also known as Chicken Chop Suey; is a dish that consists of stir fry chicken meats in combination with a green vegetable. In Australia, vegetables can also be swapped for carrot, mushrooms and/or bean sprouts.
 * Chow Sam See: is a dish invented by Matthew Chan. This dish includes shredded chicken, barbecue pork and Chinese mushroom being stir fried and later being served in a thin pancake. Matthew Chan said that this was his effort to recreate Peking Duck with less expensive ingredients.
 * Mustard Prawns: is a dish inspired by the Western Cuisine. The main ingredients include prawns, cooking wine, mustard and sweet and sour sauce.
 * Dim Sim: is developed by Chinese chef William Wing Young around 1945 in Melbourne. Dim Sim is a dumpling with thick (crispy) skin filled with meat and is usually fried.