User:206.169.231.69/sandbox

Abdominal ultrasonography
Abdominal ultrasonography (also called abdominal ultrasound imaging or abdominal sonography) is a form of medical ultrasonography (medical application of ultrasound technology) to visualise abdominal anatomical structures. It uses transmission and reflection of ultrasound waves to visualise internal organs through the abdominal wall (with the help of gel which helps transmission of the sound waves). For this reason, the procedure is also called a transabdominal ultrasound, in contrast with endoscopic ultrasound, the latter combining ultrasound with endoscopy through visualize internal structures from within hollow organs.

Abdominal ultrasound examinations are performed by gastroenterologists or certain other specialists in internal medicine, radiologists or sonographers trained for this procedure. Some portable abdominal ultrasound exams do not require a sonographer (eg, use of BladderScan bladder volume instrument and AortaScan aortic measurement instrument), enabling physicians and their staff to perform the procedures quickly, easily, and noninvasively in private practices and clinics.

Contents

 * 1) Usage
 * 2) Advantages and disadvantages
 * 3) See also
 * 4) References
 * 5) External links

Usage
Abdominal ultrasound can be used to diagnose abnormalities in various internal organs, such as the kidneys,[1] liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, bladder, and abdominal aorta. If Doppler imaging is added, the blood flow inside blood vessels can be evaluated as well (for example, to look for renal artery stenosis).

Through the abdominal wall, organs inside the pelvis can be seen, such as the as urinary bladder or the ovaries and uterus in women. Because water is an excellent conductor for ultrasound waves, visualizing these structures often requires a well-filled urinary bladder (this means the patients has to drink plenty of water before the examination).

Abdominal ultrasound is commonly used in the setting of abdominal pain or an acute abdomen (sudden and/or severe abdominal pain syndrome in which surgical intervention might be necessary), in which it can diagnose appendicitis or cholecystitis.

In patients with deranged liver function tests, ultrasound may show increased liver size (hepatomegaly), increased reflectiveness (which might, for example, indicate cholestasis), gallbladder or bile duct diseases, or a tumor in the liver. The same is true for patients with an abnormal kidney function or pancreatic enzymes (pancreatic amylase and pancreatic lipase), in which ultrasound can be used for additional anatomical information.

Ultrasound can also be used if there is suspicion of enlargement of one or more organs, such as used in screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm, investigation for splenomegaly, or diagnosing urinary retention.

In addition, ultrasound imaging is useful for detecting stones, for example kidney stones or gallstones, because they create a clearly visible ultrasound shadow behind the stone.

Finally, ultrasonography can be used to guide procedures such as treatment for kidney stones with Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, needle biopsies or paracentesis (needle drainage of free fluid inside the abdominal cavity).

Practice Guidelines
In June 2009, the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (14 external infection control experts who provide advice and guidance to the Centers for Disease Control) released a Guideline for Prevention of CAUTIs (catheter-associated urinary tract infections), including the use of portable bladder volume ultrasound to help reduce unnecessary catheterization by measuring and monitory urinary retention.

In February 2005, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) issued an updated recommendation on screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms in Veterans Health Administration (VHA). The one-time screening by ultrasonography is recommended for men aged 65 to 75 who have ever smoked.

Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages of ultrasound imaging of abdominal structures are that the procedure can be performed quickly, bed-side, involves no exposure to X-rays (which makes it useful in pregnant patients, for example) and is inexpensive compared to other often-used techniques such as computed tomography (CT scan) of the abdomen. Disadvantages are troublesome imaging if a lot of gas is present inside the bowels, if there is a lot of abdominal fat, and that the quality of the imaging depends on the experience of the person performing it.

The imaging occurs real-time and without sedation, so that the influence of movements can be assessed quickly. For example, by pressing the ultrasound probe against the gallbladder, a radiological Murphy's sign can be elicited.