User:2456ambrosa/sandbox

Subheadings:

Description

Structure

Function

Types of Breathing Rhythms it Controls

See Also

References

The Pre-Botzinger complex, a projection of the Botzinger Complex, plays an important role in regulating respiration in mammals. It is one of the four cell groups of the Ventral Respiratory Group (VGR). It is hypothesized that the Pre-Botzinger Complex is the main location of the rhythmic pattern generation circuitry involved in breathing. It also contains pacemaker cells that initiate spontaneous breathing. Research is being conducted on the mechanisms involved, but it is currently unclear as to how this interneuron system is regulated. We plan to go in more detail as to what research is being conducted currently on the matter and what they seem to be finding out about what they are exploring.

Rhythmogenesis is modulated by membrane properties and synaptic interactions occurring in heterogenous interneurons, intrinsically-bursting pacemaker neurons, and follower neurons within the Pre-Botzinger Complex[15]. Together these neurons make up an intrinsic network that is capable of being regulated by a vast range of neurotransmitters, amino acids and chemical signals, such as adenosine, GABA, and glycine[15].--in the body of the article we intend on going into greater detail in regards to agonists and antagonists used to alter respiratory rate.

The Pre-Botzinger Complex produces two types of breathing rhythms under normal levels of oxygen. In fictive eupnea, or normal breathing, the pre-BotC generates a fast low amplitude rhythm. Fictive sights, on the other hand, consist of a slow large amplitude rhythm. Each type of rhythm is generated by the same neurons in the Pre-Botzinger Complex, but through different mechanisms, receptors, and ion currents that are controlled by changes in the behavior or environment of the organism. Under low levels of oxygen, the Pre-Botzinger Complex needs to rearrange the activity of its neurons and requires the assistance of other brain structures like the pons to generate fictive gasping. Fictive gasping is characterized by a rhythm that has faster rise, shorter bursts, and lower frequency. Pacemaker neurons appear to play a crucial role in the production of fictive gasping. -- in the body we can describe in more detail each of the different types of breathing and the mechanism that’s associated with them.

Additional Sources:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3684023/

Ramirez JM, Doi A, Garcia AJ, Elsen FP, Koch H, Wei AD. The Cellular Building Blocks of Breathing. Comprehensive Physiology 2012;2(4):2683-2731. doi:10.1002/cphy.c110033.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3652403/

Garcia AJ, Zanella S, Koch H, Doi A, Ramirez J-M. Networks within networks: The neuronal control of breathing. Progress in brain research 2011;188:31-50. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53825-3.00008-5.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2567986/

VanDam RJ, Shields EJ, Kelty JD. Rhythm generation by the pre-Bötzinger Complex in medullary slice and island preparations: Effects of adenosine A1 receptor activation. BMC Neuroscience 2008;9:95. doi:10.1186/1471-2202-9-95.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1683005

^ Richter DW, Smith JC (2014). "Respiratory rhythm generation in vivo.". Physiology (Bethesda) 29 (1): 58–71. doi:10.1152/physiol.00035.2013. . → from the Botzinger Complex Wikipedia page