User:40bus/IPA/Denti-alveolar sounds

1

 * are laminal, either alveolar or denti-alveolar.
 * are aspirated fully voiceless, whereas are unaspirated, either fully voiceless  or partially voiced . After  within the same syllable, only unaspirated voiceless stops occur.
 * is dentalized laminal alveolar or (uncommonly) non-retracted apical alveolar.
 * is pronounced with protruded lips . The degree of protrusion depends on the rounding of the following vowel.
 * is a (usually voiceless) fricative. The friction is normally glottal, but sometimes it is dorsal: palatal when near front vowels, velar  near back vowels. It can be voiced  between two voiced sounds.
 * are partially voiced or fully voiceless when they occur after  (but not when  precedes within the same syllable). The flap  is also partially voiced or fully voiceless when it occurs postvocalically before.
 * The approximants may be realized as fricatives :
 * is sometimes a fricative, especially before a pause and in emphatic pronunciation.
 * There is not an agreement about the frequency of occurrence of the fricative allophone of :
 * states that is sometimes a fricative.
 * states that the fricative variant of occurs often, especially before and after close vowels and in energetic pronunciation.
 * is in process of changing from laminal denti-alveolar to apical alveolar, which leads to neutralization with the retroflex allophone . Laminal realization is still possible before vowels, after front and close vowels and after consonants that are not coronal, and is obligatory after . A velarized laminal  occurs after mid back vowels , open back vowels , and sometimes also after the close back vowels . However,  states that at least in Oslo, the laminal variant is not velarized, and the difference is only between an apical and a laminal realization.
 * is a voiced apical alveolar flap . It is occasionally trilled, e.g. in emphatic speech.
 * Retroflex allophones have been variously described as apical alveolar  and apical postalveolar.
 * alternates with in many words (in a small set of words also with ), but there is a small number of words in which only  occurs.
 * are velar, whereas is palatal.
 * may be palatal, but is often alveolo-palatal instead. It is unstable in many dialects, and younger speakers in Bergen, Stavanger and Oslo merge  with  into.
 * Glottal stop may be inserted before word-initial vowels. In very emphatic speech, it can also be inserted word-medially in stressed syllables beginning with a vowel.

Most of the retroflex (and postalveolar) consonants are mutations of +any other alveolar/dental consonant; rn >, rt  > , rl  > , rs  > , etc. across word boundaries (sandhi), in loanwords and in a group of primarily literary words may be pronounced, e.g., verden , but it may also be pronounced in some dialects. Most of the dialects in Eastern, Central and Northern Norway use the retroflex consonants. Most Southern and Western dialects do not have these retroflex sounds; in these areas a guttural realization of the phoneme is commonplace, and seems to be expanding. Depending on phonetic context voiceless or voiced uvular fricatives  are used. (See map at right.) Other possible pronunciations include a uvular approximant or, more rarely, a uvular trill. There is, however, a small number of dialects that use both the uvular and the retroflex allophones.

The retroflex flap,, colloquially known to Norwegians as tjukk/tykk l ('thick l'), is a Central Scandinavian innovation that exists in Eastern Norwegian (including Trøndersk), the southmost Northern dialects, and the most eastern Western Norwegian dialects. It is supposedly non-existent in most Western and Northern dialects. Today there is doubtlessly distinctive opposition between and  in the dialects that do have, e.g. gard  'farm' and gal  'crazy' in many Eastern Norwegian dialects. Although traditionally an Eastern Norwegian dialect phenomenon, it was considered vulgar, and for a long time it was avoided. Nowadays it is considered standard in the Eastern and Central Norwegian dialects, but is still clearly avoided in high-prestige sociolects or standardized speech. This avoidance calls into question the status of as a phoneme in certain sociolects.

According to Nina Grønnum, tjukk l in Trøndersk is actually a postalveolar lateral flap.

2
occur only syllable-initially and only syllable-finally. is phonemically and  is the syllable-final allophone of. also occurs syllable-initially in English loans, along with, but syllable-initial is in free variation with  and these are not considered part of the phonological inventory of Danish.

occurs only before short vowels and stems morphophonologically, in native words, from or  preceding  and, in French loans, from a distinct. Beyond morphological boundaries, may also appear as the result of an optional assimilation of  before.

are apical alveolar, although some speakers realize dentally.

are voiceless aspirated, with also affricated:. The affricate is often transcribed with ⟨tˢ⟩. In some varieties of standard Danish (but not the Copenhagen dialect), is just aspirated, without the affrication.

are voiceless unaspirated. In syllable codas, weak, partial voicing may accompany them especially when between voiced sounds. Utterance-final may be realized as, particularly in distinct speech. Intervocalic may be realized as a voiced flap, as in nordisk  'Nordic'.

is only weakly fricated. Between vowels, it is often voiced.

can be a voiced fricative, but is most often a voiced approximant.

– the so-called "soft d" (blødt d) – is a velarized laminal alveolar approximant. It is acoustically similar to the cardinal vowels and. It is commonly perceived by non-native speakers of Danish as. Very rarely, can be realized as a fricative.

Syllable-initially, is a voiced uvular fricative  or, more commonly, an approximant. According to Nina Grønnum, the fricative variant is voiceless. Its precise place of articulation has been described as pharyngeal, or more broadly, as "supra-pharyngeal". When emphasizing a word, word-initial may be realized as a voiced uvular fricative trill. In syllable-final position, is realized as.

The alveolar realization of  is very rare. According to, it occurs in some varieties of Jutlandic dialect, and only for some speakers (mostly the elderly). The alveolar realization is considered non-standard, even in classical opera singing – it is probably the only European language in which this is the case. According to, it occurs (or used to occur until recently) in very old forms of certain conservative dialects in Northern Jutland and Bornholm.

are voiceless after, where the aspiration is realized as devoicing of the following consonant, so that  is normally realized as an alveolo-palatal affricate.

A voiced velar continuant occurred distinctively in older Standard Danish. Some older speakers still use it in high register, most often as an approximant. It corresponds to, after back vowels and , and to , after front vowels and , in contemporary Standard Danish.

is elided after, and possibly also after , and less commonly after. Similarly, is elided after, and possibly also after , and less commonly after.