User:570cjd/sandbox

sandbox

Here is the link to the original Wikipedia page that I am adding information to: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic_misuse

I am adding a section that gives a history of regulatory context for antibiotics and is located below in quotes:

History of antibiotic regulation o	'''Antibiotics have been around since 1928 when penicillin was invented by Alexander Fleming. In the 1980’s antibiotics that were determined medically important could be approved under veterinary oversight. In 1996, the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) was established (1). Starting in 2010, publications regarding antimicrobial drugs in food were set to become an annual report. Starting in 2012, there was publicly solicited input on how data is to be collected and reported for matters relating to the use of antimicrobials for food-producing animals. Resulting from this, the FDA revised its sampling structure within NARMS with the goal of obtaining more representative livestock data for the key organisms under surveillance (1). “NARMS partners at CDC and USDA have published over 150 peer-reviewed research articles examining the nature and magnitude of antimicrobial resistance hazards associated with antibiotic use in food-producing animals (1).” In 2014, the FDA begins working with the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to explore additional mechanisms to obtain data that is representative of antibiotic use in food-producing animals. In 2015, the FDA issues the Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) final rule. Under this rule veterinarians must authorize the use of antimicrobials within feed for the animals they serve. (1)'''

The second ammendment that I plan to make to the existing article includes giving more background on the VFD and how it effects livestock, the following is the existing article and below that in quotes is the portion that I plan to add to the existing article.

Antibiotics in livestock[edit] Main article: Antibiotic use in livestock There has been massive use of antibiotics in animal husbandry. The most abundant use of antimicrobials worldwide are in livestock; they are typically distributed in animal feed or water for purposes such as disease prevention and growth promotion.[25] Debates have arisen surrounding the extent of the impact of these antibiotics, particularly antimicrobial growth promoters, on human antibiotic resistance. Although some sources assert that there remains a lack of knowledge on which antibiotic use generates the most risk to humans,[26] policies and regulations have been placed to limit any harmful effects.

'''On January 1, 2017, the FDA enacted that all human medically important feed-grade antibiotics (many prior over the counter drugs) become classified as Veterinary Feed Directive drugs (VFD). (2) This action requires that farmers establish and work with veterinaries to receive a written VFD order (2). The effect of this act is by placing a requirement on an established veterinarian-client-patient relationship (VCPR) farmers will receive an increased education in the form of advice and guidance from their veterinarian.'''

My sources are: 1)	http://www.foodinsight.org/fda-antibiotics-regulations-fact-sheet 2)	http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/dont_wait_be_ready_new_antibiotic_rules_for_2017 3)     https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10262075