User:74s181/sandbox/74181

The 74181 is a 4 bit ALU bit slice implemented as a 7400 series TTL integrated circuit. It was the first complete ALU on a single chip and was used as the arithmetic / logic core in the CPUs of many historically significant minicomputers and other devices.

The 74181 represents an evolutionary step between CPUs of the 1960s that were constructed using discrete logic gates and the single chip CPUs or microprocessors of today. Although no longer used in commercial products, the '181 is still referenced in computer organization textbooks and technical papers, and is sometimes used in 'hands-on' college courses to train future computer architects.

Specifications
The '181 is a 7400 series medium-scale integration (MSI) TTL integrated circuit, containing the equivalent of 75 logic gates and most commonly packaged as a 24 pin DIP. The 4 bit wide ALU can perform all the traditional add / subract / decrement operations with or without carry, as well as AND / NAND, OR / NOR, XOR, and shift. Many variations of these basic functions are available, for a total of 16 arithmetic and 16 logical operations on two four bit words. Multiply and divide functions are not provided but can be performed in multiple steps using the shift and add or subtract functions.

The '181 performs these operations on two four bit operands generating a four bit result with carry in 22 nanoseconds. The 74S181 performs the same operations in 11 nanoseconds.

Multiple 'slices' can be combined for arbitrarily large word sizes. For example, sixteen 74S181s and five 74S182 look ahead carry generators can be combined to perform the same operations on 64 bit operands in 28 nanoseconds. Although overshadowed by the performance of today's multi-gigahertz 64 bit microprocessors, this was quite impressive when compared to the sub megahertz clock speeds of the early four and eight bit microprocessors.

Significance
Although the 74181 is only an ALU and not a complete microprocessor it greatly simplified the development and manufacture of computers and other devices that required high speed computation during the late 1960s thru the early 1980s, and is still referenced as a "classic" ALU design.

Prior to the introduction of the 74181, computer CPUs occupied multiple circuit boards and even very simple computers could fill multiple cabinets. The '181 allowed an entire CPU and in some cases, an entire computer to be constructed on a single large printed circuit board. The '181 occupies a historically significant stage between older CPUs based on discrete logic functions spread over multiple circuit boards and modern microprocessors that incorporate all CPU functions in a single component. The '181 was used in various minicomputers and other devices beginning in the late 1960s, but as microprocessors became more powerful the practice of building a CPU from discrete components fell out of favor and the 74181 was not used in any new designs.

Computers
Many computer CPUs and subsystems were based on the '181, including several historically significant models.
 * NOVA - First widely available 16 bit minicomputer manufactured by Data General. This was the first design (in 1968) to use the 74181
 * PDP-11 - Most popular 16 bit minicomputer of all time, manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation.
 * Xerox Alto - The first computer to use the desktop metaphor and graphical user interface (GUI).
 * VAX 11/780 - The first VAX, the most popular 32 superminicomputer of all time, manufactured by Digital Equipment Corp.
 * Three Rivers PERQ, a commercial computer workstation based on the Xerox Alto and first released in 1979.
 * KMC11 - Peripheral processor for Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11.
 * FPP-12 - Floating point unit for the Digital Equipment Corp. PDP-12.
 * Wang 2200 CPU (1 74181 per CPU) and disk controller (2 74181s per controller)

Other uses

 * Vectorbeam - Arcade game platform used by Cinematronics for various arcade games including Space Wars, Starhawk, Warrior, Star Castle and others.

Today
For various reasons, designs based on the 74181 are not cost-competitive with today's microprocessors. However, the 74181 is still of interest in the teaching of computer organization and CPU design because it provides opportunities for hands-on design and experimentation that are otherwise unavailable.
 * Digital Electronics with VHDL (Quartus II Version) review in Journal of Modern Engineering, Volume 7, Number 2, Spring 2007.
 * A Minimal TTL Processor for Architecture Exploration a paper describing how the 74181 can be used to teach CPU architecture.
 * A Hardware Lab for the Computer Organization Course at Small Colleges - Another example of how the 74181 is used today in a teaching environment.
 * 74181 + 74182 demonstration Java - based simulator