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The Eames Molded Plastic & Fiberglass Armchair is a Fiberglass chair, designed by |Charles and Ray Eames, which appeared on the market in 1950. The chair was intentionally designed for the ‘International Competition for Low-Cost Furniture Design’. This competition of the Museum of Modern Art was motivated by the urgent need in the post-war period for low-cost housing and furnishing designs adaptable to small housing units. The chair was offered in a variety of colours and several possible bases, such as the “Eiffel Tower” metal base, a wooden base and a rocker base. The plastic fiberglass armchair is one of the most famous designs of Charles and Ray Eames and still popular nowadays.

Designing with plastic
“Getting the most of the best to the greatest number of people for the least”: with these words, Charles and Ray Eames described one of their main goals as furniture designers. Of all their designs, the Plastic Chairs come closest to achieving this ideal. They found out that the use of plastic in furniture design had several advantages: it has pleasant tactile qualities, malleability and static strength combined with a high degree of flexibility, but most important: the use of plastic made it possible to produce low-cost furniture for mass-production.

Production
The early production of the chair The material of the chair, Zenaloy, which is polyester reinforced with Fiberglass, was first developed by the US Army during the World War II. Ray and Charles Eames designed a prototype of the chair with the use of these materials in 1948 for the ‘International Competition of Low-Cost Furniture Design’ from the Museum of Modern Art. The chairs were made using the latest machines such as hydraulic molds from shipbuilding by manufacturer Zenith Plastics. Mass-producing the molded fiberglass chairs involved a tremendous amount of design and tooling effort, a long period of product development, and considerable investment. The basic technology involved shaping the fiberglass material with metal molds using a hydraulic press. The armchair was the first one-piece plastic chair whose surface was left uncovered and not upholstered. In 1950 Zenith began mass-producing the fiberglass shell armchairs for Herman Miller, who offered them for sale that year. The fiberglass armchair was included in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art in 1950.

Production in Europe The Vitra company entered the furniture market in 1957 with the licensed production of furniture from the Herman Miller Collection for the European market. In 1984 the partnership that had been formed with Herman Miller was terminated by mutual consent. Subsequently, Vitra obtained the rights to designs by Charles and Ray Eames and George Nelson for Europe and the Middle East.

Varity of forms
At first, the chair was available in three colours: greige, elephant-hide gray and parchment. Later the palette of primary colours expanded. After that a choice of several possible bases was offered.

The early “H” metal base (the SAX standard model and the LAX lounge lower model), “X” metal base (the DAX dining model), a lower model with metal rod base (the LAR model), a wooden base (the DSW model), a steel-wire base (the DSR model, also known as the “Eiffel-Tower base”), a cast aluminium base with castors (the PACC model) and a wood-rocker base (the RAR model). All bases were attached to the seat using hard rubber disks to guarantee flexibility. Despite the fact that Herman Miller ceased production of the rocker in 1968 (until they reintroduced it 30 years later) pregnant employees continued to receive the chair as a company gift until 1984, solidifying the rocker as a token of high-end nursery decor. The plastic shell became available in an upholstered (fabric or vinyl) version a year after the introduction of the chair. After the success of the arm chair, the side chair (without arms) was introduced. Over the years, the plastic chair has undergone some modifications: the curve of the back has become more inclined and upholstery is now glued to the plastic shell.

The Eames plastic armchair immediately became an iconic design and eventually the chair was used in schools, airports, restaurants and offices around the world. From 1954 the chairs were used as stadium seating with metal rods put together in rows, the tandem Shell Seating.

Current production
The chairs are still in production by Herman Miller and Vitra. Both producers however use different material for the chair. In 1993, Vitra discontinued production of the fibreglass shells for ecological reasons. The company resumed manufacture of the shells in 1989 and 2004, respectively, making them newly available in the environmentally friendly material of polypropylene. Also Herman Miller uses the polypropylene material for their production of the chairs. The production process for the new fibreglass chairs is in both manufactures is now emission-free and uses a new monomer-free resin creating a safer environment for workers and a greener recyclable shell. The chairs are still available these days and after more than sixty years still commonly used by popular interior designers and featured in many magazines.