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Dreyfus Model of Skill Acquisition

When people acquire a skill through instruction outside of themselves they normally pass through five stages.

The five stages of skill acquisition as posited by Stuart and Hubert Dreyfus are:

1. Novice, 2. Competence, 3. Proficiency, 4. Expertise, 5. Mastery.

In the novice stage a person follows rules that are context free and feel no responsibility for anything other than following the rules.

Competance develops when the number of rules becomes excessive so organizing principles need to be developed and information sorted by relevance. Competance is characterized by active decision making.

Proficiency can be ascribed to a person who uses intuition in decision making and develops their own rules to formulate a plan.

Expertise is characterized by pattern recognition and a skill set that can be done in a complex manner without a need to break a situation down into discrete elements.

Mastery occurs when an individual no longer needs to refer the the basic principles and performance becomes innate.

The Dreyfus Model of Skill Acquisition was initially developed to evaluate pilots, and now is used extensively in medical education to evaluate physicians in the core competancies of medicine.