User:AB.cal/Decentralized wastewater system

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Applications (original)
''In locations with developed infrastructure, decentralized wastewater systems could be a viable alternative of the conventional centralized system, especially in cases of upgrading or retrofitting existing systems. Many different combinations and variations of hybrid systems are possible. The development of new treatment technologies allows for decentralized solutions, which are technically and aesthetically sound and acceptable.[ citation needed]''

''Decentralized applications are a necessity in cases of new urban developments, where the construction of the infrastructure is not ready or will be executed in future. In many countries and locations, the infrastructure development (roads, water supply and especially wastewater/drainage systems) is executed years after the housing development. In such cases decentralized wastewater facilities are considered as a temporary solution, but they are mandatory, in order to prevent public health and ecological problems.''

''Decentralized systems allow for flow separation or source separation, which segregates different types of wastewater, based on their origin, such as: black water, greywater and urine. This approach requires separate parallel pipeline/plumbing systems to convey the segregated flows and the purpose is to apply different level of treatment and handling of each flow and to enhance the safe reuse and disposal of the end products.''

''In the specific case of developing countries, where localities with poor infrastructure are common, decentralized wastewater treatment has been promoted extensively because of the possibility to apply technologies with low operation and maintenance requirements. In addition, decentralized approaches require smaller scale investments, compared to centralized solutions.[ citation needed]''

Applications
In locations with developed infrastructure, decentralized wastewater systems could be a viable alternative of the conventional centralized system, especially in cases of upgrading or retrofitting existing systems. This can be easier to accomplish with decentralized systems, as centralized infrastructures have long lifetimes and are locked into their location and condition. Many different combinations and variations of hybrid systems are possible.

Decentralized applications are a necessity in cases of new urban developments, where the construction of the infrastructure is not ready or will be executed in future. In many regions, the infrastructure development (roads, water supply, and especially wastewater/drainage systems) is executed years after the housing development. In such cases decentralized wastewater facilities are considered as a temporary solution, but they are mandatory, in order to prevent public health and ecological problems. In this context, decentralized solutions are favorable in their ability to be locally applied as needed, while still carrying the potential to cover large areas at lower costs.

Decentralized systems also allow for flow separation or source separation, which segregates different types of wastewater based on their origin, such as: black water, grey water and urine. This approach requires separate, parallel plumbing systems to convey the segregated flows; a different level of treatment ca be applied to each flow to enhance the safe reuse and disposal of the end products.

In the specific case of developing countries, where localities with poor infrastructure are common, decentralized wastewater treatment has been promoted extensively because of the possibility to apply technologies with low operation and maintenance requirements. In addition, decentralized approaches require smaller scale investments, compared to centralized solutions.

EcoSwell
Founded in 2013, the Peru-based NGO EcoSwell works on rural development projects, including water supply and sanitation in Peru; they are based in the northwestern Lobitos district of the Talara region, an arid coastal area that faces water stress. EcoSwell establishes decentralized wastewater systems with the help of local residents and interns, including communal biodigesters, dry toilets, and greywater reuse. They also work on reforestation and constructed wetlands as avenues to naturally treat waste effluent and deactivate pathogens.