User:AMK-1976/Neurobiological effects of physical exercise

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Parkinson's disease (PD), also commonly referred to as just Parkinson's, is a long-term degenerative condition affecting the central nervous system that impacts the motor and non-motor systems. Usually starting slowly, non-motor symptoms increase in frequency as the disease worsens. Tremor, stiffness, sluggishness, and trouble walking are the initial signs. Additionally, issues with behavior, sleep, and the senses may surface. In its advanced stages, Parkinson's disease dementia is common. Parkinson's disease symptoms reflect various functional impairments and limitations, such as postural instability, gait disturbance, immobility, and frequent falls. Some evidence suggests that physical exercise may lower the risk of Parkinson's disease. A 2017 study found that strength and endurance training in people with Parkinson's disease had positive effects lasting for several weeks. Exercise aids in the promotion of growth factors release, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and CNS metabolism. It also reduces CNS inflammation. According to intervention studies conducted on both humans and rodents, regular exercise can improve memory and learning as well as lessen the effects of aging and neurodegenerative diseases on the brain. Additionally, exercise can promote long-term potentiation (LTP) and short-term potentiation (STP) in the hippocampus, which is crucial for spatial learning. It can also raise levels of synaptic proteins, glutamate receptors, and neurotrophic factors like brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1).

Engaging in active physical pursuits has demonstrated positive effects on the mental health of children and adolescents[89], enhances their academic performance[90], boosts cognitive function[91], and diminishes the likelihood of obesity and cardiovascular diseases among this demographic[92]. Establishing consistent exercise routines with regular frequency and duration is pivotal[93][94][95]. Evidently, cultivating beneficial exercise habits and sustaining adequate physical activity play a crucial role in bolstering the overall physical and mental well-being of young individuals. Therefore, identifying factors that either impede or encourage exercise behaviors could be a significant strategy in promoting the development of healthy exercise habits among children and adolescents.