User:AVI3347/sandbox

Andhra Kesari University
Andhra Kesari University is a public university located in Ongole, Andhra Pradesh. It was established on 11 January 2022. The university was named after Tanguturi Prakasam, a political leader, social reformer and anti-colonial nationalist. He served as the chief minister of Madras Presidency and subsequently became the first chief minister of erstwhile Andhra State. He was known as "Andhra Kesari" which translates to "Lion of Andhra".

History
Earlier, the university is the outgrowth initiative of the Post-Graduate centre of Acharya Nagarjuna University, which was established in 16 November 1993 with the aim of ensure better education to poor and backward communities in and around Prakasam district.

On 24 November 2022, Government of Andhra Pradesh introduced a bill in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly to upgrade the Post-Graduate centre into an autonomous university. On 11 January 2022, the university was officially established, through the A.P Universities (Amendment) Act, 2021.

Campus
The present Post-Graduate campus existed with 3.16 acres. In addition to this, it has 109.80 acres of land at Pernamitta, Ongole. The said multidisciplinary university is proposed to be established in Pernamitta village of Santhanuthalapadu mandal, Prakasam district, with an exclusive focus on Teacher Education, by relocating the existing P.G centre of Acharya Nagarjuna University.

Academics
The university consists of 8 departments, offering 10 postgraduate programs.

Departments

 * Commerce & Business Administration
 * Economica
 * History
 * Mathematics
 * Statistics
 * Social Work
 * Education
 * Physical Education & Sports Sciences

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University - Gurajada, Vizianagaram
The Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University-Gurajada, Vizianagaram (JNTU-GV) is a public university located in Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh. It was established on 12 January 2022. The university was named after Gurazada Apparao, a noted Indian playwright, dramatist, poet, and writer known for his works in Telugu theatre. The university mainly focuses on engineering.

History
The University College of Engineering Vizianagaram was established as a constituent college of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada in 2007. On November 24, 2021 Government of Andhra Pradesh introduced a bill in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly to upgrade the college into an autonomous university. On 12 January 2022, the university was officially established, through the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological Universities (Amendment) Act, 2021.

Campus
The University is spread across an area of 80 acres in Dwarapudi panchayat of Vizianagaram district. The territorial jurisdiction of the university comprises of three erstwhile north coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh: Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram and Srikakulam.

Academics
The University consists of 7 engineering departments, offering 7 undergraduate engineering full-time programs and 8 postgraduate engineering programs.

Engineering departments

 * Computer Science and Engineering
 * Civil Engineering
 * Electrical and Electronics Engineering
 * Electronics and Communications Engineering
 * Information Technology
 * Mechanical Engineering
 * Metallurgical Engineering

Admission
Students are admitted into the undergraduate programs based on their score in the Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test (EAMCET) conducted by the Government of Andhra Pradesh.

Students are admitted into postgraduate programs based on their Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) scores and rankings or their ranking in the Post Graduate Engineering Common Entrance Test (PGECET) conducted by the Government of Andhra Pradesh.

History
The present north coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh were once part of the Kalinga region. Kalinga is a historical region of India. It is generally defined as the eastern coastal region between the Mahanadi and the Godavari rivers, although its boundaries have fluctuated with the territory of its rulers. The core territory of Kalinga now encompasses a large part of Odisha and northern part of Andhra Pradesh.

Early and Medieval history
The Kalingas have been mentioned as a major tribe in the legendary text Mahabharata. In the 3rd century BCE, the region came under Mauryan control as a result of the Kalinga War. Ashoka annexed the kingdom after the final battle near the Dhauli hills, the capital Sisupalgarh fell to the Mauryas. After the war, Buddhism prospered in Kalinga and spread to other south eastern regions through maritime trade routes. After the decline of the Mauryan Empire, the region came under the control of the Mahameghavahana family, whose king Kharavela described himself as the "supreme Lord of Kalinga".

After several wars with Satavahanas and other kingdoms, the Kalinga dynasty crumbled and divided into small independent kingdoms. The Gupta ruler Samudragupta sensed an opportunity and invaded the kingdom. Kalinga came under Gupta suzerainty in the 4th century CE after his invasion, the kingdom got united and reclaimed its glory. They ruled the region from Mukhalinga and Dantapura of Northern Andhra. After the Gupta withdrawal, it was ruled by several minor dynasties. These included the Vasishthas, the Matharas, and the Pitrbhaktas.

The last Eastern Ganga ruler Bhanudeva IV was dethroned by Kapilendra Deva in 1435. This event marked the foundation of the Gajapati Empire that ruled over the regions of Utkala (North Odisha) and Kalinga (South Odisha, North Andhra Pradesh). Prataparudra Deva was the last great king of the Suryavamsi Gajapatis and soon after his death his minister Govinda Vidyadhara usurped the throne by murdering the last two Gajapati scions. The fall of the Gajapati Empire meant the independence of their many tributary and feudal states.

Evidently, a tributary kingdom called Nandapur ruled by the Suryavansh dynasty that arrived in the region in 13th century from Kashmir. The king of this little kingdom was Vishwanath Dev Gajapati who began expanding his kingdom in the southern region of Odisha and northern region of Andhra. In 1545, he sent his military commander and the chief of Kasimkota, Mukund Harichandran to conquer the northern plains of Odisha which were under control of the weak Bhoi dynasty of Govind Vidyadhar.

Govind Vidyadhar signed a truce with Vishwanath Dev and was granted the status of a tributary state. Mukund Harichandran was appointed as the minister in order to seek full control over the region, however, he later assassinated the last two Bhoi heirs and declared himself as the new king of Utkala. Nevertheless, Kalinga was still ruled by the Suryavanshi kings until they were defeated and became a Vassal of the Golconda Qutb Shahi during the reign of Balaram Dev, who failed to control the vast dominion of his predecessor, Vishwanath Gajapati. His successors ruled over the region as 'Maharajah of Kalinga' until the feud of Ramchandra Dev I and Balaram Dev III which marked the end of their domination over Kalinga. They came to be known as Jeypore Samasthanam.

Modern history
In 1674, Vishwambhar Dev of Jeypore kingdom defeated the Faujdar of Chicacole (Srikakulam), appointed by the Qutb Shahi Sultans and claimed an independent semi-monarchy over the Circars. Aurangzeb conquered Golconda in 1687 and the Circars along with the Qutb Shahi Sultanate were annexed to the extensive empire of Aurangzeb. However, the first two Faujdars appointed by the Mughals were defeated and slain in the battlefield by the Maharaja of Jeypore, Raghunath Krishna Dev, who continued to rule claiming independent control over the region until his death in 1708. The successor of Raghunath Krishna proved to be an inefficient ruler and as a result lost a vast territory of the Circars. However, the kings of Jeypore continued to rule their decreased kingdom independently until the advent of the British in 1777. The British destroyed the fort of Jeypore and granted them a demoted status of a Zamindari.

In 1724, Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan was appointed the governor of Hyderabad, with the title Nizam al Mulk. He came to be known as the Nizam of Hyderabad, its de facto ruler. The fourth Nizam Salabat Jang, a son of the Nizam al Mulk, who was indebted for his elevation to the throne to the French East India Company, granted the circars to the French in return for their services. In 1759, through the conquest of the fortress of Masulipatnam, the maritime provinces from the river Gundlakamma to the Chilka Lake were transferred from the French to the British. But the British left them under the administration of the Nizam, with the exception of Masulipatnam, a valuable port, which was retained by the British.

In 1765 Lord Robert Clive obtained from the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II a grant of the five Circars. The fort of Kondapalli was seized by the British as an opening move. On 12 November 1766 a treaty of alliance was signed with Nizam Ali Khan by which the British undertook to maintain troops for the Nizam's assistance. By a second treaty, often referred to as the Treaty of Masulipatnam, signed on 1 March 1768, the Nizam acknowledged the validity of Shah Alam's grant and resigned the Circars to the British East India Company, receiving as a mark of friendship an annuity of £50,000. Finally, in 1823, the claims of the Nizam over the Northern Circars were bought outright by the Company, and they became a British possession. The Northern Circars were governed as part of Madras Presidency until India's independence in 1947, after which the presidency became India's Madras State.

Post independence
In an effort to gain an independent state based on linguistic identity, and to protect the interests of the Telugu-speaking people of Madras State, Potti Sreeramulu fasted to death in 1952. As Madras became a bone of contention, in 1949 a JVP committee report stated: "Andhra Province could be formed provided the Andhras give up their claim on the city of Madras [now Chennai]". After Potti Sreeramulu's death, the Telugu-speaking area of Andhra State was carved out of Madras State on 1 October 1953, with Kurnool as its capital city. On the basis of the gentlemen's agreement of 1 November 1956, the States Reorganisation Act formed combined Andhra Pradesh by merging Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking areas of the already existing Hyderabad State. Hyderabad was made the capital of the new state.

In February 2014, the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 bill was passed by the Parliament of India for the formation of the Telangana state comprising ten districts. Hyderabad will remain as a joint capital for not exceeding ten years. The new state of Telangana came into existence on 2 June 2014 after approval from the President of India. Number of petitions questioning the validity of Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 is long pending for the verdict since April 2014 before the Supreme Court constitutional bench.

In 2017, Andhra Pradesh Government began operating from the newly planned capital city Amaravati. In August 2020, Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly passed Andhra Pradesh Decentralisation and Inclusive Development of All Regions Act, 2020. According to its provisions, Visakhapatnam is the executive capital while Amaravati and Kurnool serve as legislative and judicial capitals, respectively. The decision resulted in widespread protests by the farmers of Amaravati. The act has been challenged in Andhra Pradesh High Court, which ordered to maintain status quo until the court completes its hearing.