User:AWildAppeared/sandbox

For easy reference:

{.{W ikiProject South Africa |class= |importance= |image-needed= |politics= |needs-infobox= |attention= }.} [.[C ategory:South African politicians].]

<.ref>{.{Cite book|title=Civil Procedure|last=Hurter|first=E|last2=Faris|first2=JA|last3=Cassim|first3=F|publisher=University of South Africa|year=2013|isbn=|location=Pretoria, South Africa|pages=11-12}.}

class.stub/start/c/b importance.low/mind/high/top

Urbanisation in South Africa
Urbanisation of South Africa began in the nineteenth century and continued rapidly throughout the twentieth century until the present. It was closely associated with industrialisation and the exploitation of natural (mineral) and human (rural migrant) resources, and was uniquely shaped by the laws of the Apartheid era.

Mining
Contract labourers were imported from India to work on sugarcane plantations around Durban in Natal from the 1860s.

However, urbanisation was chiefly stimulated by the discovery of minerals: diamonds in 1867 at what would become Kimberley, and more importantly gold at the Witwatersrand in 1884. The ensuing gold rush would swell the population of South Africa. In 1841, only 130 immigrants arrived in the Cape Colony from England, which increased to 24,000 annually between 1890 and 1913. Early on, most labourers came from neighbouring African states on a temporary basis, who would travel to the mines during the summer and return home during winter. This voluntary system was unreliable, and the need to create a stable workforce became the primary objective of the mines and colonial government.

After the Second Anglo-Boer War, Dutch-descendant Boer farmers fled into cities from the devastated Transvaal and Orange Free State territories to become the class of the white urban poor. Due to the shortage of labours, Chinese labourers were imported for a short period after 1904, but this practice stopped after a few years because the white labourers objected. As a result, black labour became the primary component of the workforce. Black labourers working for gold and platinum mines affiliated with the Chamber of Mines rose from 77,000 persons in 1904 to 191,000 persons in 1912 to outnumber the entire white population of Witwatersrand.

By 1911, major diamond and gold mining centres accounted for 37% of the country's urban population, and the port cities of Cape Town, Durban, Port Elizabeth, and East London accounted for 23%. The export of gold, and increasing rural-urban migration and concomitant demand for rural produce in the urban areas necessitated investment in the country's transport and communication infrastructure. Three railway lines built in the 1980s connected the Witwatersrand with commercial ports in Maputo, Durban, and Cape Town.

Military urbanisation and industrialisation
The two world wars of the early 20th century gave South Africa an opportunity to begin import-substitution industrialisation, which industrialisation led to a boom in urban growth that peaked at nearly 5.3% per annum at the end of the Second World War.

Apartheid
Thereafter, with the concretisation of the Apartheid state, growth slowed as the rate at which black people moved into urban areas declined due to "spacial engineering" and movement restrictions implemented by the Apartheid state.

One of the features of the Apartheid state was a "pass" system, a permit required to be carried when moving about the country, which was designed to discourage movement by unskilled black workers between urban and rural areas.

There was a concomitantly high growth rate among rural populations in the 1970s, further assisted by the forced migration of people into newly established black homelands. In the 1980s, white rural areas saw an outflow of 1,5 million people, of which 0,5 million went to rural districts in the homelands, and 1 million went to peri-urban areas adjacent to white urban areas.

OUTA
https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/160509/millions-of-gauteng-traffic-fines-scrapped/

https://businesstech.co.za/news/motoring/173567/court-denies-application-to-appeal-ruling-that-millions-of-gauteng-traffic-fines-should-be-cancelled/

https://mybroadband.co.za/news/motoring/209588-fight-to-have-thousands-of-traffic-fines-in-south-africa-withdrawn.html

NMB
http://www.heraldlive.co.za/news/top-news/2016/11/05/martial-law-army-storms-cbd/

http://www.heraldlive.co.za/politics/2016/08/25/meet-trollips-new-team/

http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/politics/2017/05/04/last-minute-lobbying-by-da-candidates/

teacher unions, education
http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21713858-why-it-bottom-class-south-africa-has-one-worlds-worst-education

https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/education/2016-12-09-sadtu-and-natu-threaten-to-strike-over-grade-r-teachers-pay/

http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/kwazulu-natal/education-rotten-from-bottom-to-top-1961734

https://www.businesslive.co.za/fm/features/2017-01-26-why-sa-parents-are-turning-to-home-schooling/

nuclear sa
merge https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_South_Africa and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_programme_of_South_Africa http://www.iol.co.za/the-star/the-parasites-of-nuclear-power-1248411 http://www.702.co.za/articles/254126/eskom-denies-silencing-research-institutions-on-nuclear http://www.fin24.com/Economy/Eskom/eskom-terminates-nuclear-request-for-information-20170503

http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2017/05/02/energy-minister-admits-sa-s-strategic-fuel-stock-was-sold

Misc
http://www.groundup.org.za/article/court-holds-municipal-workers-personally-liable-costs/

https://qz.com/940619/chinese-traders-changed-south-africa-now-theyre-leaving/

http://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-39671893/motlanthe-uncertain-over-anc-support

https://www.jacarandafm.com/news/news/psychiatric-patients-still-gauteng-ngos/

https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-09-10-analysis-britain-and-south-africa-an-old-occasionally-grumpy-couple/

https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/172269/a-look-at-the-6-proposals-for-transforming-cape-towns-infamous-unfinished-freeway/

http://www.groundup.org.za/article/pollsmoor-remand-facility-still-174-capacity-says-sonke-gender-justice/

http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/Jimmy-Manyi-a-racist-Trevor-Manuel-20110302

http://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2017/05/03/‘I-feel-inadequate-and-have-low-self-esteem‚’-Ntlemeza-tells-SCA

https://mybroadband.co.za/news/business/208776-south-africas-last-look-listen-to-close-down.html

http://www.rnews.co.za/article/14251/video-top-10-of-the-most-expensive-schools-in-eastern-cape-for-2017

http://www.groundup.org.za/article/helping-someone-die-what-law-currently-says/

https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-05-05-many-rivers-to-cross-bridget-masango-from-barefoot-schoolgirl-to-parliament/

http://www.groundup.org.za/article/free-needles-drug-users-helps-society/

http://www.groundup.org.za/article/fight-soul-bakgatla-ba-kgafela/

https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-05-05-many-rivers-to-cross-bridget-masango-from-barefoot-schoolgirl-to-parliament/

http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-coligny-teens-funeral-20170507

https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-05-02-pravin-gordhan-from-freedom-fighter-to-finance-minister-to-accidental-hero/

http://www.fin24.com/Tech/News/SA-slips-in-global-ICT-index-20150415

http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/push-to-appoint-phiyegas-replacement-8991297

http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/free-state-premier-faces-revolt-8991325

http://www.fin24.com/Economy/petrosa-to-axe-staff-to-save-its-skin-20170505

http://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2017/05/06/How-the-ANC-of-Zuma-has-changed-from-the-ANC-of-Mandela1

http://www.medicalbrief.co.za/archives/motsoaledi-wants-private-healthcare-forced-nhi/

http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2017/05/05/The-town-the-New-SA-forgot-A-day-in-%E2%80%98an-apartheid-era-time-warp%E2%80%99