User:A Max J/Ladis

lãdis

phonology
consonants: p t k b d g p t k b d g

f s ʃ x v z ʒ ɣ f s c x v z zh jh

m n ŋ m n ñ

w j r l w j r l

vowels: i e ɛ a ɑ i é e a á

y ø œ u o í ú ó u o

ɛ ɑ ø o (nasal) ĩ ã ũ õ

grammar
structure: phrases are right-pointing, with specifiers and numbers appearing before the head, followed by the head, then by other single-word modifiers, then by modifying phrases. independent and subordinate clauses follow SVO order, while relative clauses are VSO. relative clauses are opened with the particle "kó", and end at the end of the independent clause or its subject.

the verb: verbs typically conjugate for tense, aspect, and mood. regular verbs conjugate thusly:

non-conjugated      _ infinitive          _o past perfect        _cã pi _(é)na past imperfect      _(é)na past subjunctive    _(é)ña present perfect     _xo pi _i present imperfect   _i present subjunctive _(i)jo future perfect      _dzá di _(i)jú future imperfect    _(i)jú future subjunctive  _xú

various particles can change the function of verbs, however, particularly subjunctive and non-conjugated verbs. "di" expresses that all following non-conjugated verbs are to be assumed conjugated identically to the verb immediately following the particle. "vú", "ván", and "fán" express either desire, indifference, and aversion to a potential outcome (in the subjunctive), or approval, indifference, and disapproval to an actual outcome. an unmarked subjunctive expresses doubt/questioning and that the speaker seeks a yes or no answer.

the noun: nouns typically conjugate for case and gender. regular nouns conjugate thusly:

vocative            _ nominative masc.    _s nominative fem.     _z accusative masc.    _p accusative fem.     _b genitive masc.      _mi genitive fem.       _di prep./dat. masc.    _tã prep./dat. fem.     _jã instr./comit. _mat

common nouns require articles. articles express gender, number, and definition:

indefinite: sing. masc.      al sing. fem.       i	   plur. masc.      az plur. fem.       im plur. mixed      lim definite sing. masc.      ta sing. fem.       í plur. masc.      za plur. fem.       ím plur. mixed      um

a noun can be conjugated as a verb rather than a regular noun, forming a "to be" construct with the noun in the accusative. a case associated with a verb may become a separate noun through a special conjugation:

nominative          _oj(s/z) accusative          _ol(s/z)

pronouns: personal pronouns express person, case, gender, number, and mood. the personal pronouns are:

1st person sing.: nominative       sé	   accusative        sa	   genitive          am	1st person plur.: nominative       sí	   accusative        sím genitive         em	   imperative        dé	2nd person sing.: nominative       né	   accusative        na	   genitive          úd imperative       dac 2nd person plur.: nominative       ném accusative       nám genitive         im	   imperative        dam 3rd person sing.: nominative masc. ze nominative fem.  zhe accusative masc. ban accusative fem.  zhá genitive masc.   zõ genitive fem.    zi	3rd person plur.: nominative masc. cé nominative fem.  can nominative mix. cén accusative masc. baz accusative fem.  cá accusative mix. cĩ genitive masc.   cõ genitive fem.    cim genitive mix. cĩm

the instrumental-comitative case is formed by adding "-mat" to the nominative. other pronouns form compounds based on the table of correlatives. the basic adjectives can be used as prefixes on the basic nouns. the basic adjectives are:

which               ké	this                 val that                vúl some                kel no                  ba	every                ca

while the basic nouns are:

person              só	thing                zhó place               daz time                gã	method               fa	reason               féz

the adjective: regular adjectives follow the nouns they modify. they can themselves be modified by certain suffixes, while other suffixes allow nouns to be used as adjectives. a notable example is the genitive noun case, in which the noun becomes a specifier. the adjective suffixes are:

pos. comparative    _ól ze [prep. noun] neg. comparative    _il ze [prep. noun] pos. superlative    _óst neg. superlative    _ist negated             _ã weakened            _en strengthened        _on

the noun suffixes are:

similarity          _lĩk derivation          _jan lack                _le surfeit             _fa

lexicon
Amérikas		America (m) avo			to have ã                      in Bretañoz		Britain/England (f) >Bretañdovoz		English (f) cjes			dog (m) da                     from dovo			to speak [to] >dovolz                language (f) ésajo                  to inhabit féziz                  cat (f) júdo[s/z]		human (m/f) jús                    man (m) júz                    woman (w) vistas                 system (m) xóz                    home (f)