User:Aark45/Vermicularia knorrii

Vermicularia knorrii, commonly known as the Florida Worm Snail, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod in the family Turritellidae. V. knorrii has been concluded to be the junior synonym to Vermicularia lumbricalis. The shell of Florida Worm Snail is light brown or tan in color with an apex that is white. It is found living in reefs on the coasts of the southern states of the United States to the top of South America. V. knorri use their ciliated appendages to trap plankton and sperm.

Distribution
This species is found in the United States from Florida to North Carolina, the Gulf Coast, the eastern coast of Mexico, Aruba, The Bahamas, Antigua, Barbuda, Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and Bermuda ''. Vermicularia knorrii'' is strictly marine and does not live in brackish or fresh waters and is not terrestrial. V. knorrii is found in waters with temperatures around 28°C.

Habitat
Vermicularia knorrii habitat ranges from 35.34°N to 12°N and 92°W to 64.7°W. They can be found between depths of 2-500 m, but typically live in water 14-110 m. The deepest recorded depth of Vermicularia knorrii is ~500 m on the continental slope of Texas, but it may have been another species wrongfully identified at the greater depths. This places the Florida Worm Snail's habitat in the Epipelagic and Mesopelagic Zones most often being found in the Photic Zone.

Unlike other Vermicularia species, Florida Worm Snails do not form inter-coil structures but rather live in hard substrates such as corals and sponges. They stay in the substrate by cemented itself in it. V. knorrii can be found in "Boiler" Reefs, Rim Reefs, subtidal, and Patch Reefs. They appear to be vulnerable of desiccation, or the removal of water, usually during low tides.

Shell
The shell of this species can reach a length of 20 – 80 mm. When the shell is intact, the apex is pure white, somewhat translucent, and tightly coiled into a "Turritella" shape. The regularly coiled apex is around 12.5 mm in length. The subsequent whorls are brown, and they are loosely and irregularly coiled, such that the whorls do not touch. Their irregular shape helps them anchor into sponges, rocks, and corals. The irregular shape of their shells gives the Florida Worm Snail its name as they resemble the tubes made by tube worms.

As they grow, Vermicularia shells start to uncoil due to the need to access food and to attach to substrate they live in stably. The shells are also used by hermit crabs, such as Calcinus verrilli, as shelter. The odd shapes of the Worm Snail shells affect the symmetry of the uropods.

Body
Like other turritellidae, Vermicularia have a mantle cavity, visceral mass, and a foot. The mantle is elongated in this genus and the visceral mass contains the digestive glands and the organs used in reproduction. Though they are mostly sessile, the foot is still present in Vermicularia. it is used for crawling in young organisms but is primarily used to seal the operculum.Vermicularia also have small pallial tentacles that prevents sand, mud, and other irritants that may enter the mantle when they are feeding.

Feeding
Due to Florida Worm Snails living in sponges and corals, they are sessile and do not actively hunt for food. They are suspension feeders and catch food by expelling cilia and mucus  from their mantle. The mantle cavity elongates the gill surface and pushes out the cilia. The cilia flow with the current, creating a mucus net that catches plankton. The snail then retracts the strings and uses its radula to eat the food.

Reproduction and Life Cycle
Although not much is known about the reproductive cycle of Vermicularia knorrii, it is thought to be gonochoristic and broadcast spawn. It is theorized that Vermicularia knorrii has similar reproductive and life stages to its sister gastropod, ''Vermicularia spirata. Vermicularia spirata'' are protandrous hermaphrodites with small males being free living and eventually attaching to substrate when switching sexes. Both males and females have open pallial ducts, which serves as the fertilization pouch and seminal receptacle in the female. Females receive sperm from nearby males and fertilization occurs. Eggs are brooded in the mantle cavity of the mantle which hatch as veliger larvae with shells with two and a half whorls. This is likely the reproduction cycle that V. knorrii follow as V. spirata have very similar gross morphology.