User:Aaroncohenoc/Political Victory Fund

= Political Victory Fund =

Chairman
Chris W. Cox served as the NRA's chief lobbyist and principal political strategist between 2002 and 2019. In this role he also served as the NRA-PVF chairman, and "has directed NRA’s electoral efforts at every level."

History
With passage of the Gun Control Act of 1968, an increasing number of NRA members, who has previously downplayed gun control issues, became more involved in gun politics and gun rights. Along with the creation of its lobbying arm, the Institute for Legislative Action (NRA-ILA), with activist Harlon Carter as director, in 1976 the NRA established its non-partisan political action committee (PAC), the Political Victory Fund, in time for the 1976 elections.

The NRA-PVF endorsed Ronald Reagan in the 1980 presidential campaign, the first NRA presidential endorsement.

By 1998, the NRA-PVF ranked as "one of the biggest spenders in congressional elections".

In the 2004 elections, 95% of the NRA-PVF endorsed federal candidates and 86% of the endorsed state candidates were elected.

By 2008, during the elections, the PVF spent millions "on direct campaign donations, independent campaign expenditures and on mobilizing the most aggressive grassroots operation in NRA history." In 2012, NRA-PVF income was $14.4 million and expenses were $16.1 million. By 2014, the NRA-PVF income rose to $21.9 million with expenses of $20.7 million.

Mandate
The NRA-PVF political action committee (PAC) was established in 1976 as a NRA subsidiary. The NRA-PVF created a rating system for political candidates to measure their support for gun-rights. It also helps its members locate an NRA Election Volunteer Coordinator (EVC) for their area and to register to vote.

Rating political candidates
Through the Political Victory Fund, the NRA began to rate political candidates "irrespective of party affiliation - based on voting records, and public statements" on their positions on gun rights on a point scale of A+ to F. An NRA "A+" candidate, such as Todd Tiahrt, is one who has "not only an excellent voting record on all critical NRA issues, but who has also made a vigorous effort to promote and defend the Second Amendment", whereas an NRA "F" candidate is a "true enemy of gun owners' rights". Since 2010 the NRA-PVF has taken an increasingly hard line on ratings, with the result that by the 2020 US elections there was only one Democrat candidate left with a top "A" rating - down from 25% of Democrat candidates in 2010. By 2022, no Democrat received a top grade.

Mike Spies, who has been reporting on the gun lobby since 2015, wrote a series called "The Gunfighters", which investigated the influence of the National Rifle Association (NRA) on state gun policy and politics. In his March 17, 2016 article published in The Trace, Mike Spies described how the NRA began to use their scoring system to influence judicial nominations. The first attempt was during the confirmation proceedings of Supreme Court justice Sonia Sotomayor in 2009 at the request of Mitch McConnell and again in 2010 with Elena Kagan. In 2011, the NRA opposed Caitlin Halligan's nomination to the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit and as a result, Senate Republicans blocked her confirmation. In 2016, the NRA opposed the nomination of Merrick Garland to the Supreme Court because he did not "respect the individual right to bear arms" - in 2007, Garland had "cast a vote in favor of allowing his court to review a crucial opinion by a three-judge panel that had found D.C.’s handgun ban unconstitutional." This article was cited in The Second Amendment and Gun Control: Freedom, Fear, and the American Constitution which presented both sides of the debate between those who "favour more gun controls and those who would prefer fewer of them." <references group=" Wayne King, N.R.A. Is Politically Armed and, to Florio, Dangerous, New York Times (August 23, 1992). Neil A. Lewis, Hurt in Gun-Control War, N.R.A. Rejects Retreat, New York Times (March 12, 1992).  NRA-ILA News Release; 1 January 2005; &quot;NRA-ILA :: Releases&quot;. Archived from the original on October 3, 2007. Retrieved February 21, 2018.  Katie Zezima; Beth Reinhard (June 26, 2019). &quot;NRA's top lobbyist resigns amid chaos at the gun rights organization&quot;. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 26, 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2023.  &quot;About&quot;. NRA. nd. Archived from the original on March 4, 2018. Retrieved February 21, 2018.  Vizzard, William J. (2000). Shots in the Dark: The Policy, Politics, and Symbolism of Gun Control. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-8476-9560-7.  Shaiko, Ronald G.; Wallace, Marc A. (1998). &quot;Going Hunting Where the Ducks Are: The National Rifle Association and the Grass Roots&quot;. In Bruce, John M.; Wilcox, Clyde (eds.). The Changing Politics of Gun Control. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8476-8615-9. OCLC 833118449. Retrieved 2014-04-08. Schmidt, Gina M. &quot;100 Years: Remembering President Ronald Reagan&quot;. National Rifle Association Institute for Legislative Action. Archived from the original on 2013-02-18. Retrieved 2013-02-02. Facts on File 1980 Yearbook, p.844 Bruce, John M.; Wilcox, Clyde, eds. (1998). The Changing Politics of Gun Control. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield. pp. 158–59. ISBN 0-8476-8614-0. OCLC 833118449. &quot;National Rifle Association | Political Victory Fund&quot;. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-09-09. &quot;NRA-PVF: About PVF&quot;. National Rifle Association Political Victory Fund. 2015. Retrieved 2015-04-14. &quot;National Rifle Assn Spending by Cycle: 2012 PAC Summary Data&quot;. Open Secrets. Center for Responsible Politics. 2015. Retrieved 2015-03-10. &quot;National Rifle Assn Spending by Cycle: 2014 PAC Summary Data&quot;. Open Secrets. Center for Responsible Politics. 2015. Retrieved 2015-03-10. Cox, Chris W. (August 26, 2010). &quot;NRA Political Victory Fund: Making Endorsements Count&quot;. National Rifle Association of America. Archived from the original on 2013-10-14. Retrieved February 21, 2018. &quot;NRA-ILA: Election Center&quot;. National Rifle Association of America Institute for Legislative Action. 2014. Retrieved 2014-06-05. Lowes, Robert (2014-03-11). &quot;NRA Opposes Surgeon General Nominee Vivek Murthy&quot;. Medscape. WebMD. Retrieved 2014-06-09. (subscription required) Daniel Nass (September 9, 2020). &quot;A Democrat with an 'A' Grade from the NRA? There's One Left&quot;. thetrace.org. The Trace. Archived from the original on September 9, 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2023. Maggie Astor (September 22, 2022). &quot;For First Time in at Least 25 Years, No Democrat Has Top Grade From N.R.A.&quot; The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2023. The Democratic break from the National Rifle Association is complete: For the first time in at least 25 years, not a single Democrat running for Congress anywhere in the country received an A in the group's candidate ratings, which were once a powerful influence in U.S. elections. &quot;NRA-Backed Gun Laws Have Found Success In State Legislatures Across The U.S&quot;. NPR. 5 October 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2018. Spies, Mike (17 March 2016). &quot;The NRA's New Playbook for Making Gun-Grabbers Out of Democratic Nominees&quot;. The Trace. Retrieved 20 February 2018. The gun-rights group mines the histories of the president's judicial nominees for anything that resembles a stance on firearms, and finds a way to use it against them. Yuill, Kevin; Street, Joe (12 September 2017). The Second Amendment and Gun Control: Freedom, Fear, and the American Constitution. Routledge. p. 159. ISBN 9781351783347." />