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The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains, published in the United Kingdom as The Shallows: How the Internet Is Changing the Way We Think, Read and Remember, is a 2010 book by American journalist Nicholas G. Carr. The book expands on the themes first raised in Is Google Making Us Stupid?, Carr's 2008 essay in The Atlantic, and explores the effects of the Internet on the brain. The book references multiple studies that indicate online reading yielding lower comprehension levels than that of the printed page. The Shallows was a finalist for the 2011 Pulitzer Prize in General Nonfiction. Alternative Theories: Coiro (2009) found that print and online reading require different sets of skills and that children's comprehension skills could vary between both mediums. Coiro (2009) discusses problems associated with properly assessing online comprehension skills in a World where digital technology is rapidly changing. Coiro, J. (2009). Rethinking Online Reading Assessment. Educational Leadership, 66(6), 59.