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The seed and soil hypothesis in the field of oncology postulates that cancer cells preferentially metastasize towards certain tissue environments, thus demonstrating organ tropism. This phenomenon arises as tumor cells that are migrating (or "the seed") are attracted to certain organs (or "the soil").

History
The hypothesis was first proposed by English surgeon Stephen Paget in 1889. He noticed that in the 735 breast cancer patients he resected, metastases demonstrated preferences to grow in certain organs, particularly in the liver, followed by the spleen and bones. His theory was first described in the paper "The Distribution Of Secondary Growths In Cancer Of The Breast" published in The Lancet.

Seed factors
The seed factors of the hypothesis include all factors that contribute to the promotion of a pre-metastatic niche formation. These include cancer stem cells (CSCs), tumor-secreted factors (TSFs), epithelial-mesenchymal transition (ECM) remodeling and hypoxia, and pre-metastatic niche promoting formation. In order for cells to be able to migrate and invade surrounding tissues, they usually undergo a process known as epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT).

Ovarian cancer
In ovarian cancer, cancer cells tend to metastasize towards adipose-rich tissues, predominantly found in the peritoneum and omentum. Fat cells, also known as adipocytes are reprogrammed into so-called "cancer-associated adipocytes" through their interaction with cancer cells. They subsequently release lipids and adipokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP1), adiponectin, tumor-promoting factors and hormones. Mesenchymal stem cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor-associated macrophages are also involved in the process of creating a micro-environment conducive to metastasis.

Other studies

 * https://molecular-cancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12943-017-0742-4


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