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Raphel D. Levine also has being doing research in biology areas. Below are two research papers published that he was a part of.

'''DNA computing circuits using libraries of DNAzyme subunits ''' Recently, biological systems have been developed to be capable of performing computational operations in areas like bioengineering and DNA. For biocomputational circuits, the design can only be useful if a library of computing biological elements is produced to present the modular coupling of these elements and that this approach is reasonable. In this paper, Levine is part of a project called DNA computing circuits using libraries of DNAzyme. The group’s approach in developing a new set of computing elements is based on two libraries: subunits of DNAzymes and their substrates. Because of this two independent libraries, diversity and modularity in computational elements are created. With this new design for biocomputational circuits, it brought a few unique points that the past research has not done, such as, the fact that computing elements are non-degradable after operations. It has come to an understanding that that the study has brought modularity and scalability of the computing elements with presenting constructed multilayered logic circuits and other important features. This project also can be used to assemble any Boolean logic units. ‘

'''Convergence of Logic of Cellular Regulation in Different Premalignant Cells by an Information Theoretic Approach '''

Surprisal analysis is an information theoretical analysis technique that applies principle of thermodynamics, identifies constraints in finding maximal entropy, and prevents constraints in reaching its maximum entropy. In this paper, Levine is part of a group that applies surprisal analysis to a testing model in examining the altered gene expression levels in tumorigenesis. The result of this project has two parts. The first one, the major one, is that identification of transcription pattern for contraction of signaling networks with initiation of cellular proliferation and protein metabolism that is critical to transformation procedures. The second part, the minor one, is that the finding of “tumor signature” transcription pattern that completes the transformation. It is also a finding that the results of this group introduces a possibility that the logic of the network reorganization remains mostly the same even though the list of transcripts expressed differently in different cancer models.

'''Reference: '''

Elbaz Johann, Lioubashevski Oleg, Wang Fuan, Remacle FranÃ§oise, Levine Raphael D, Willner Itamar  DNA computing circuits using libraries of DNAzyme subunits. Nature nanotechnology, 2010; 5(6): 417-22.

Kravchenko-Balasha Nataly, Remacle F, Gross Ayelet, Rotter Varda, Levitzki Alexander, Levine R D  Convergence of logic of cellular regulation in different premalignant cells by an information theoretic approach. BMC systems biology, 2011; 5(17): 42.