User:Abrianaramirez/sandbox

Adding to subsections:

History:

Testosterone testing is not a valid form of testing because they can have certain levels and still be a different sex. Males can have low levels of testosterone and are still males just because of the low levels does not make them any less male. Females can have high levels of testosterone and still be female not making any difference to their identified sex. add from here on.

Physical Examinations:

Throughout the years of physical examinations of looking at Females bodies and seeing if everything was in the right place they then went to chromosome testing and realized both were very inaccurate tests and could not prove much. Although intersex women, transgender women, and typical women are all different the differences they have don't automatically give them advantages in their athletics. Add from here on After critics convinced officials that genetic testing was scientifically and ethically flawed for this purpose, the IOC replaced the policy in 1999 with a system allowing for medical evaluations of an athlete’s sex only in cases of “reasonable suspicion,” but this system also created injustice for athletes and stoked international controversies. " "Sex segregation and verification are mutually interdependent because, if there were no claims or basis for having separate male and female sporting events, there would be no need for sex verification testing."

Sex verification of men:

The horror of men competing as women to gain advantage in sport competition is what drives sex verification although they are no known cases where a man actually does compete as a woman.

20th century:

The Press sisters started speculation on their identified sex because they retired in 1965 and tests began the following year but there were rumors that they had DSD which means Disorders of sex development and therefore that is why they chose to retire although that has never been proven false or true.

Transgender athletes:

"Transgender people can be defined as those whose gender identity-an innate sense of whether one is male, female, or somewhere in between-differs from their assigned sex at birth. ;139-140" Professional track runner Stella Walsh won the olympic gold in medal in the women's 100 meter dash in as early as 1932. Many women weren't openly competing as transgender during this time but they tended to keep a low profile to cause such controversy or be seen as a threat. The start of the 21st century showed a great amount of transgender athletes now competing at all levels which include Highschool, college, and even professional sports. add from here on

Hormone Testing:

In the Semenya case the fact that they found high testosterone levels and were going back and forth on her gender verification affected her mental health. By contradicting her sex they were violating laws by international and national genetic privacy laws and also another factor was one's right to not know called human genetics. Gender verification hurts many different factors including: unfair disqualification in sporting events, identity crisis and confusion, social hiding, depression, and suicide.

OTHER INFORMATION FOUND THAT I AM NOT PUTTING IN MY ARTICLE***

Subsections to add too, that have the least information: History, Physical Examinations, sex verification of men, and transgender athletes.

Annotated Bibliography:

Wiesemann, Claudia. “Is There a Right Not to Know One's Sex? The Ethics of 'Gender Verification' in Women's Sports Competition.” Journal of Medical Ethics, vol. 37, no. 4, 2011, pp. 216–220. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/23034791

This article is a story about an Olympic athlete who gets accused of being a different sex than claimed. It talks about how accusing athletes of this manner is harmful in physical and mental ways. To be accused and talked about in this manner affects them in ways that is harmful for them. It goes back and forth if medical testing should be a thing to confirm ones gender and why it could be harmful or beneficial. The article also talks about how it can affect ones state of mind in ways that cannot be repaired which is the main argument. So the whole idea is to get rid of any thought that can require athletes to have genetic sex determination against their free will. No embarrassment or questioning unless they choose to do any tests on their own. I think this article is important because it shows us the results of gender verification tests and highlights the ways it affects those who are forced to get tested.

Messner, Michael A., and Suzel Bozada-Deas. “SEPARATING THE MEN FROM THE MOMS: The Making of Adult Gender Segregation in Youth Sports.” Gender and Society, vol. 23, no. 1, 2009, pp. 49–71. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/20676749.

This article highlights the divisions we create since we are a young age in defining who can even be a coach or a team mom which is important because it starts since then defining the difference between male and female. Like as young athletes we see how gender is everywhere and maybe we always have a male coach and a female who is there to help when you’re hurt or need help with your uniform. The stigma that those are the typical things females help with while as males help with the sport itself. This is important because mainly sex verification tests are needed because a female is good at a sport and they can’t handle that because the idea is males are the most elite so they start saying well maybe she is male and not female.

DREGER, ALICE. “Sex Typing for Sport.” The Hastings Center Report, vol. 40, no. 2, 2010, pp. 22–24. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40663834.

This article addresses issue the Olympic committee has that affects the overall sex verification tests and a way they can go about them that would be less harmful. They talk about how when

gender issues arise within many of these athletes they get so embarrassed and it affects them as a person and their careers as well. With anything like that starts controversy and that needs to be avoided so that why the Olympic committee needs to figure that out and figure out the sex verification tests. This article also talks about another important factor which is our dna and chromosomes that define our masculinity and femininity. But the factor of science is very complex that just using chromosomes to define wasn’t giving you an easy answer to sex verification.

Hanson, Sandra L. “Young Women, Sports, and Science.” Theory Into Practice, vol. 46, no. 2, 2007, pp. 155–161. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40071482.

This article talks about how males have always been at the top of the sports spectrum but as society has involved women have been becoming on top and being seen as legitimately good. Not seen as “good for a girl” but just good in general for the sport they play and basically being able to hold their own weight. This article talks about how women have to jump through so many barriers being athletes and it comes with a sort of weight already without justifying if they are even good enough at the sport or not. Male athletes don’t deal with a lot of different barriers that female athletes deal with.