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= Leopold Kirschner =

Overview
Leopold Kirschner MD (born on 12 May 1889, died 23 November 1970) was an Austro-Hungarian, Dutch, and New Zealand bacteriologist specialising in leptospirosis. He is known for his work on the survival of Leptospira spp in the environment, research on conditions and media for Leptospira growth,   his role in the initial discoveries of leptospirosis in New Zealand,  for early epidemiologic descriptions of leptospirosis as an occupational disease of dairy farmers, and for the major pathogenic Leptospira species, Leptospira kirschneri, that was named in his honour.

Early life and education
Kirschner was born in Andrichau, near Bielitz, in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, (present-day Andrychów, Poland) to Jewish parents. He studied medicine in Vienna. Kirschner's studies were interrupted by service in the medical corps during World War One. Following the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Kirschner followed Professor Robert Doerr, an experimental pathologist, to Amsterdam for further studies at the Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen (KIT), the Dutch Royal Tropical Institute. KIT housed the first leptospirosis reference laboratory in Europe.

Pasteur Institute, Bandung, Dutch East Indies
In 1921 Kirschner joined the Pasteur Institute at Bandung, Java, in the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) where he served as Deputy Director of the Institute under Dr. Louis Otten. The Institute was responsible for preparing vaccines and carrying out diagnostic services for 70 million people. While there, he undertook important work on the survival in the environment of the bacteria that causes leptospirosis, and he and a colleague developed an effective vaccine against plague, testing early versions on themselves. Kirschner’s work in Java was cut short by the Japanese invasion in 1942. He and wife Alice, a gifted violinist from Vienna, survived, while providing considerable assistance to others prisoners by deception and use of scientific knowledge.

University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Dr. Kirschner was recruited to the University of Otago Medical School by Dr – later Sir – Charles Hercus in 1946, to the Medical Research Council Microbiology Unit. At the time of his arrival, New Zealand considered to be free of leptospirosis, an assumption based in part due on the absence of native terrestrial mammals. However, Kirschner noted that many mammalian species that could serve as hosts of Leptospira spp. had been introduced to New Zealand, and that measures at ports to prevent rats being imported on ships were weak. Kirschner hypothesised that leptospirosis was very likely to be present in New Zealand and a likely cause of febrile illness among farmers. He established a leptospirosis reference laboratory at the University of Otago Medical School, confirming with Dr – later Sir – Edward G. Sayers, future Dean of the Otago Medical School, human leptospirosis in New Zealand for the first time in a sharemilker from Auckland in 1949. Then with Mr – later Professor  – A. Neil Bruère the first livestock and occupational disease outbreak among dairy farm workers in Westland in 1951. Dr. Kirschner promoted close collaboration between human and animal health experts, known today as the ‘One Health’ approach. Dr. Kirschner and colleagues went on to describe the major leptospirosis problem among dairy farmers in New Zealand; studied factors supporting and inhibiting Leptospira growth;  and procedures for the culture, isolation, and identification Leptospira. Dr. Kirschner was a major early influence on the career of a generation of leptospirosis experts, including Professor Solomon Faine, Monash University, and Professor Roger Marshall, Massey University. Dr. Kirschner died in Dunedin on 23 November 1970 and is buried with wife Alice Kirschner at the Dunedin Southern Cemetery.

Honours and recognition
In 1992 Marshall and colleagues named the major pathogenic Leptospira species Leptospira kirschneri in Dr. Kirschner’s honour.