User:Adamlawson13/sandbox

User:Dylanvanetta/sandbox

Ethics
When it comes to ethics there are many ways it can be interpreted. When talking about scientific literature ethics involves issues in writing and experimental guidelines. These guidelines are set so that writers know what is acceptable and not acceptable. Ethics are important for the authors, the writers, and the scientific community.

Different Types of Ethical Issues in Scientific Publishing

 Redundant Publications: Publications that articles that contain copyrighted and new unpublished material. This is not ethical because it is illegal to use others published works, a waste if reviewers time, pointlessly expands publication databases, and might create inaccurate data.

Animal Welfare Concerns: Is the ethical care of animals in scientific experiments. The APS has set strict guidelines and regulations to stop animals from being unnecessarily harmed in experiments. These are being updated regularly by the APS and is a federal law in the United States enforced by DHHS.

 Authors Disputes: The authorship of an article is simply the author of the article. The ethical issue with this is when there are two people that believe to be the author, but there is only one true author. There are guidelines to help pick which get authorship of the writing. The one that does not get authorship is put in the acknowledgments. The guidelines come from NIH and The Council of Science Editors.

 Duplicate Publications: This unethical method is very close to plagiarism and redundant publications. If an article is the same or close to the same as another article it is a duplicate publication. This is done to boost one’s reputation in their field. It also creates inaccurate overall data, since the same data was counted twice.

 Human Welfare Concerns: The guidelines for human experimentation started during WWII with the Nuremberg Code. It has evolved into three main principles from The Belmont Report. The subject must be able to make their own choices to protect themselves, benefits must outweigh the risks, and subjects must be evaluated for their selection and benefits must go to all of society.

Data Fabrication: Data fabrication is purposefully false data numbers. This is unethical because it makes the author and subject look bad, waste the time of those studying the data, and makes all fields of science look bad.

 Plagiarism: Plagiarism is defined as stealing another author’s work. You can use four simple steps to avoid plagiarism. Always cite the original content, use quotes when necessary, understand the text in your own words, and give a reference when you are unsure if it is needed.

 Conflicts of Interests: This is referring to the biased assumption due to private interest. It can be done knowingly or not. This is unethical because it makes data inaccurate.