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"Self-Reliance" is an 1841 essay written by American transcendentalist philosopher and essayist Ralph Waldo Emerson. It contains the most thorough statement of one of Emerson's recurrent themes: the need for each individual to avoid conformity and false consistency, and follow his own instincts and ideas. It is the source of one of Emerson's most famous quotations: "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds, adored by little statesmen and philosophers and divines." This essay is an analysis into the nature of the “aboriginal self on which a universal reliance may be grounded.” Emerson emphasizes the importance of individualism and its effect on an individual's satisfaction in life. He stresses that anyone is capable of achieving happiness, simply if they change their mindset. Although the essay incorporates multiple major themes, Emerson also focuses on a variety of seemingly insignificant details explaining how life is "learning and forgetting and learning again". These small details are only mentioned a few times, but add significant information to explain Emerson's ideas.

Herman Melville's Moby-Dick has been read as a critique of Emerson's philosophy of self-reliance, embodied particularly in the life and death of Ahab. Melville's critique of self-reliance as a way of life is seen to lie in its destructive potential, especially when taken to extremes. Richard Chase writes that for Melville, 'Death–spiritual, emotional, physical–is the price of self-reliance when it is pushed to the point of solipsism, where the world has no existence apart from the all-sufficient self.' In that regard, Chase sees Melville's art as antithetical to that of Emerson's thought, in that Melville '[points] up the dangers of an exaggerated self-regard, rather than, as [...] Emerson loved to do, [suggested] the vital possibilities of the self.' Newton Arvin further suggests that self-reliance was, for Melville, really the '[masquerade in kingly weeds of] a wild egoism, anarchic, irresponsible, and destructive.'

The first hint of the philosophy that would become "Self-Reliance" was presented by Ralph Waldo Emerson as part of a sermon in September 1830 a month after his first marriage. His wife Ellen was sick with tuberculosis and, as Emerson's biographer Robert D. Richardson wrote, "Immortality had never been stronger or more desperately needed!"

From 1836 into 1837, Emerson presented a series of lectures on the philosophy of history at Boston's Masonic Temple. These lectures were never published separately, but many of his thoughts in these were later used in "Self-Reliance" and several other essays. Later lectures – such as "The American Scholar" and the Divinity School Address – by Emerson led to public censure of his radical views, the staunch defense of individualism in "Self-Reliance" being a possible reaction to that censure. Emerson had a very large background of religious affiliations. His father was a Utilitarian minister; Emerson eventually followed in his father's footsteps to become a minister as well. Emerson's religious practices can be viewed as unconventional and his beliefs, non-traditional. Emerson understood that individuals are inexplicably different and ideas are constantly changing. He encouraged religious individuals to "'breathe new life into the old forms of their religion".

"Self-Reliance" was first published in his 1841 collection, Essays: First Series. Emerson helped start the beginning of the Transcendentalist movement in America. "Self-Reliance" is one of Emerson’s most famous essays. Emerson wrote on “individualism, personal responsibility, and nonconformity.”

The Transcendentalist movement flourished in New England, and proposed a revolutionarily new philosophy of life. This new philosophy drew upon old ideas of Romanticism, Unitarianism, and German Idealism. Some of these ideas pertained closely to the values of America at the time. These values included nature, individualism, and reform, and can be noted in Emerson's essay.

Religious Criticism

Emerson's Self-Reliance has religious influences tied into the values and beliefs presented. Critics argue that Emerson believes the Universe is not complete without "The Spirit". Without some form of spirituality or religious tendencies, society and the universe "is sad, hopeless, and largely meaningless." In his work, the transcendentalist argues that no person, specifically individuals who are self-reliant, exists without a slight connection to a higher power. Mark Cladis, author of a published religious analysis of Self-Reliance, argues individuals are "intimately connected to that which is greater than the self alone." Emerson encourages his readers to understand that self-reliance is "freedom in a spiritual universe that is just as rule-governed as the Newtonian physical universe." Cladis explains that individuals are not expected to endure life alone; achieving self-reliance is understanding that "we are surrounded by helps and aids of all kinds, supporting us, sustaining us, journeying always with us."

Emerson mentions that citizens control the government so they have control. He also mentions how “nothing has authority over the self.” He says, “History cannot bring enlightenment; only individual searching can.” He believes that truth is inside a person and this is an authority, not institutions like religion. Emerson's essay focuses and consistently relates back to one major theme: "Trust thyself". The idea of believing in one's self and one's worth is the main theme in the essay. Emerson enforces that idea when stating, "Unless we overtake ourselves, circumstances will overtake us".

One of the most prevalent themes in the essay is nonconformity. Emerson states, "Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist." He counsels his readers to do what they think is right no matter what others think. Haijing Liang, author of an analysis of Self-Reliance, explains how Emerson "encourages the readers to free themselves from the constraints of conformity and give themselves back to their nature."

Solitude and the community appears within the essay multiple times. Emerson wrote how the community is a distraction to self-growth, by friendly visits, and family needs. He advocates more time being spent reflecting on one’s self. This can also happen in the community through a strong self-confidence. This would help the counseled to not sway from his beliefs in groups of people. Emerson mentions "but the great man is he who in the midst of the crowd keeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude."

Spirituality, truth is within one’s self, is a recurring theme in Emerson's essay. Emerson posits that reliance upon institutionalized religion hinders the ability to grow mentally as an individual.

The theme of individualism is often proposed within Self-Reliance. Emerson explains the ultimate form of happiness is achieved when a person learns and adapts an individualistic lifestyle. Emerson emphasizes, "Nothing can bring you peace but yourself."

Originality vs Imitation is often an osciliating theme in the essay. Emerson emphasizes that "Envy is ignorance, imitation is suicide." Towards the end of Emerson's essay, he encourages society to "Insist on yourself; never imitate."