User:Adrienne Workman/Pericardial cyst

Lead
A pericardial cyst is an uncommon benign dilatation of the sac surrounding the heart. It can lead to symptoms by compressing nearby structures, but is usually asymptomatic. Pericardial cysts can be congenital or acquired, and they are typically diagnosed with radiologic imaging. Management of pericardial cysts can include follow-up imaging, percutaneous aspiration, or surgical resection.

Presentation
Pericardial cysts most often are asymptomatic, with 50 to 75% of patients experiencing no symptoms. The presentation of symptomatic cysts depends on the cyst location and effects on nearby structures, including the heart, lungs, and esophagus. Symptoms can include chest pain, cough, shortness of breath, palpitations, syncope, recurrent pneumonia, congestive heart failure, difficulty swallowing, and weight loss.

Causes
Pericardial cysts can be congenital or acquired, with the majority being congenital. Congenital pericardial cysts happen due to an abnormality in the development of the pericardial sac that creates a bulge which is walled off to form a cyst. Acquired pericardial cysts can be caused by inflammation from surgery, pericarditis, trauma, echinococcosis, tuberculosis, metastasis, or hemodialysis. The inflammation can lead to a walled-off pocket of fluid that is a pericardial cyst.

Diagnosis
Since pericardial cysts are often asymptomatic, the most common diagnosis is through incidental finding on a chest x-ray. When patients have symptoms, transthoracic echocardiogram is one of the first tests used to look for a pericardial cyst. CT or MRI may also be used to diagnose pericardial cysts. On CT and MRI a pericardial cyst will commonly appear as a round, fluid-filled structure surrounded by thin walls. Diagnosis of a pericardial cyst can also be made before birth using ultrasound.

The differential diagnosis for a suspected pericardial cyst includes a bronchial cyst, pericardial effusion, teratoma, lymphangioma, pericardial fat, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, neuroenteric cyst, and congenital cyst from the primitive foregut. A pericardial cyst also may look similar on imaging to a pericardial diverticula, which is connected to the pericardium and not fully walled off like a pericardial cyst.

Management
Pericardial cysts that are small and cause no symptoms can be followed with repeat imaging through echocardiogram, CT, or MRI to assess for changes. Pericardial cysts that are large or cause symptoms may be candidates for percutaneous aspiration, ethanol sclerosis, or surgery. Percutaneous aspiration removes the fluid from inside the cyst, and ethanol sclerosis uses the injection of ethanol into the cyst after aspiration to decrease the likelihood of cyst recurrence. Percutaneous aspiration with ethanol sclerosis is typically the first treatment for pericardial cyst that requires management. Surgery can remove a pericardial cyst through a thoracotomy, sternotomy, mediastinoscopy, or video-assisted thoracic surgery. The type of surgery is chosen based on the size and location of the pericardial cyst.

Prognosis
With most pericardial cysts having no symptoms, the prognosis is very good. The cysts can resolve without intervention. If percutaneous aspiration is performed, the recurrence rate of pericardial cysts is about 30-33%. Although pericardial cysts are benign, the location of cysts can rarely cause life-threatening emergencies by compressing the heart or lungs.

Epidemiology
Pericardial cysts have an incidence of 1 in 100,000. Pericardial cysts make up 6-7% of all mediastinal masses. They can present at any age, but are most commonly diagnosed between the third and fifth decade of life. Females and males have approximately equal incidences of pericardial cysts.

History
Pericardial cysts were first reported on during autopsies in the 19th century by pathologists. As the field of radiology progressed, pericardial cysts could be identified in living patients. In 1931, the first surgical resection of a pericardial cyst was performed by Otto Pickhardt at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York using a thoracoscopy. In 1943, Greenfield and his colleagues coined the term "spring water cysts" for pericardial cysts since the cysts contain clear fluid.