User:Adriennescarcella/sandbox

Week 1
-Jaw structure and anatomy

-More citation needed under "Classification"

-Citations do look legit.

-Why is there a question mark by Acanthodii?

-Not all of the sub groups are added to the table "Sub Groups"

-Purpose of paired pectoral fins (pg. 94 in our book)

-Phylogenetic tree is missing some things (pg. 94)

-Reproduction?

Group Discussion:

-life cycle

-better organization

-current/modern species behavior? Major characteristics

-molecular (http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/molbev/about.html)

Week 2
jaw evolution: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01505.x/full

Jaw evolution: (This is what we are focusing on at this point)

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012160604006177

Viscerocranial parts of the gill arch cartilage evolved to form the jaw. The cartilage provides support for the mouth in the embryo. The first pharyngeal arch is constructed of palatoquadrate cartilage and is part of the upper jaw. Meckel's cartilage makes the lower jaw.These two cartilages form the baseline of the vertebrate jaw. It is hypothosized that the Hox gene was lost over time which played a role in the early formations of the jaw. Nueral crest plays a crucial role in jaw formation (NEED MORE INFO ON THIS). The dorsal neural tube contain craniel neural crest cells, which lead to the pharyngeal arch growth. These cells form the dorsal primordium and ventral primordium, found under the oral cavity. '' It has been assumed that the embryonic skeleton of the lower jaw (Meckel's cartilage) is formed from the ventral, mandibular component of the first pharyngeal arch whereas the palatoquadrate cartilage is formed from the upper, maxillary component of the arch (Depew et al., 2002, Francis-West et al., 1998, Larsen, 1993 and Mina, 2001). ''

Article Edit Week 3
I added a photo to demonstrate what awn hair looks like and how it compares to down and guard hairs of a tabby cat. I believe that a visual will aid in better understanding of awn hair. I also added a more detailed description of awn hair and awn down hair.

Microbat
bat anatomy
 * 1) Bats are a very unique mammal and I am interested in seeing how their anatomy differs/compares to other mammals.

ears anatomy

teeth Bat

Rat
I feel rats are underrated and I would like to see their stomach anatomy and how they are able to eat such a wide range of foods.

Cheek pouch

Neophobia

breeding Brown rat

Sparrow
I am more interested in the bones of birds but I would also like to examine the beaks because they are so strong.

Beak

Voice House sparrow

breeding House sparrow

Team Sparrow Week 5
Our goal is to add more info to the Bird Anatomy page, specifically by segmenting the systems and researching specific components. This includes the nervous system, with focus on auditory receptors; digestive system, focusing on proventriculus; circulatory system, with focus on the efficiency of the circulatory system by means of the heart; the immune system; with focus on function and anatomy of the bursa of fabricius.

Nervous System- Cole
focusing on the middle and inner ear and its adaptations that allow for improved distinguishing of auditory cues

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1294398/pdf/jrsocmed00087-0047.pdf

http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/276/1660/1355.short

Digestive system- Grant
I will be focusing on the digestive system, and specifically on the function of the Proventriculus as it works with the gizzard to break down larger food items.https://academic.oup.com/japr/article/23/2/306/761377/Function-of-the-digestive-system1

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hamida_Hamdi/publication/281656486_Anatomical_histological_and_histochemical_adaptations_of_the_avian_alimentary_canal_to_their_food_habits_I-Coturnix_coturnix/links/563681cb08aeb786b703f22c.pdf

IMMUNE SYSTEM-Adrienne
I will be focusing on the bursa of fabricius; function and anatomy

Bursa of Fabricius

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8238949

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284170935_Bursa_of_Fabricius

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1436979/pdf/jrsocmed00281-0095.pdf

https://books.google.com/books?id=alPbievDel4C&pg=PA390&lpg=PA390&dq=anatomy+of+bursa+of+fabricius+in+sparrow&source=bl&ots=6NDTy9upIs&sig=hA9Sq-RvqM9T4GZlxy6-GqdzC5A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjTobHtxN3SAhVEKGMKHY1XCksQ6AEIRDAJ#v=onepage&q=anatomy%20of%20bursa%20of%20fabricius%20in%20sparrow&f=false

Circulatory System - Connor G.
I will be focusing on the heart and its adaptations to improve efficiency allowing for flight.

http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/birdcirculatory.html

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2681264/

Suggestions
COLE!!!!! I would try to be more specific and try to focus on a particular part of the nervous system, not as a whole! ~Adrienne

Possible ideas for Cole....bird hearing-Adrienne

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4613-8074-0_10

Function
The bursa of fabricius, also known as the cloacal bursa, is lymphoid organ which aids in the production of B-lymphocytes during Humoral immunity. B lymphocyte, or B-cells, play a crucial role in the immune system producing antibodies. B-cells can recognize specific foreign substances, multiply rapidly, and attack the foreign substance. These B-cells will recognize the same foreign substances based off of the shape of the invader if the body is invaded again, which leads to immunity from an additional attack. This organ is present during juvenile stages but involutes after the sparrow reaches sexual maturity.

Anatomy
The structure of the bursa of fabricius consists of a circular pouch connected to the dorsal side of the cloaca. The bursa is composed of many folds, known as plica, which are lined by follicles surrounded by mesenchyme.The bursa of fabricius is surrounded by 10,000 plus follicles that aid in producing an ideal microenvironment for the production of B-cells, while each follicle is encompassed by connective tissue. Each follicle is comprised of a cortex surrounding a medulla. The cortex houses the highly compacted B lymphocytes, while the medulla houses lymphocyte loosely. The medulla is separated from the lumen by follicular-associated epithelium, that aids in the transport of epithelial cells into the lumine of the bursa. Per follicle there are 150,000 B lymphocytes located. !

Note: I am trying to find an image still

Avian Ear
The Avian ear is made up of many of the same structures as the human ear. The middle ear is made up of three semicircular canals, each ending in an ampulla and joining to connect with the macula sacculus and lagena, of which the cochlea, a straight short tube to the external ear, branches from.

The avian ear is adapted to pick up on slight and rapid changes of pitch found in bird song. General avian tympanic membrane form is ovular and slightly conical. Morphological differences in the middle ear are observed between species. Ossicles within green finches, blackbirds, song thrushes, and house sparrows are proportionately shorter to those found in pheasants, Mallard ducks, and sea birds. In song birds, a syrinx allows the respective possessors to create intricate melodies and tones.

Digestive System - Proventriculus
Improvements to the Digestive System section - The article only contains information regarding the crop and the gizzard, which leaves room for the additional information about the Proventriculus and it's relationship to the gizzard. The article doesn't discuss the chemical break down of food, and the role of the Proventriculus could fill in these gaps of knowledge. Information on the Proventriculus shouldn't overwhelm the section, and can be summarized in a few sentences.

Draft:

The avian stomach is composed of two organs that work together during digestion: The Proventriculus and the Gizzard. The Proventriculus is a rod shaped tube, which is found between the Oesophagus and the Ventriculus, that secretes Hydorchloric acid and Pepsinogen into the digestive tract1. These gastric juices are then mixed with the stomach content through the muscular and mechanical (gastroliths) mechanisms of the Gizzard2.
 * 1) Jump up ^Zaher, Mostafa (2012). "Anatomical, histological and histochemical adaptations of the avian alimentary canal to their food habits: I-Coturnix coturnix" (PDF). Life Sciences. 9: 253–275 – via ResearchGate.
 * 2) Jump up ^Svihus, Birger (2014). "Function of the Digestive System". The Journal of Applied Poultry Research. 23: 306–314 – via Oxford Academic.

Feedback
I plan to minimize the info about B-cells and to extend info on the function. I am also planning on using an image. I will incorporate the cloaca link and possible other links. Some of my sentence structures and jargon needs to be improved as well. I also added my draft to the Bird Anatomy Talk page in hopes for some additional feedback.

Function
The bursa of fabricius, also known as the cloacal bursa, is a lymphoid organ which aids in the production of B lymphocyte during Humoral immunity. The bursa of fabricius is present during juvenile stages but curls up and is not visible after the sparrow reaches sexual maturity.

Anatomy
The bursa of fabricius is a circular pouch connected to the superior dorsal side of the cloaca. The bursa is composed of many folds, known as plica, which are lined by more than 10,000 follicles encompassed by connective tissue and surrounded by mesenchyme. Each follicle is comprised of a cortex that surrounds a medulla. The cortex houses the highly compacted B lymphocytes, whereas the medulla houses lymphocytes loosely. The medulla is separated from the lumen by the epithethelium and this aids in the transport of epithelial cells into the lumine of the bursa. There are 150,000 B lymphocytes located around each follicle.

**** I uploaded the edited photo to "the uploaded page" but now I cannot figure out how to add it my sandbox.[]

Draft #2 (Grant Kido)
Explanation:

I didn't make any changes to the additions to the Bird Anatomy Page. I added more information about the Proventriculus, and i will add it to the Proventriculus page, including the image below. The proventriculus page could use this information, but the Bird Anatomy page, specifically the digestive system section, doesn't require more about the Proventriculus.

Bird Anatomy:

The avian stomach is composed of two organs that work together during digestion: The Proventriculus and the Gizzard. The Proventriculus is a rod shaped tube, which is found between the Oesophagus and the Ventriculus, that secretes Hydorchloric acid and Pepsinogen into the digestive tract.[2] These gastric juices are then mixed with the stomach content through the muscular and mechanical (gastroliths) mechanisms of the Gizzard.[3]

Proventriculus:

The Proventriculus is a rod shaped organ, located between the Oesophagus and the Ventriculus of most birds, that aids in digestion through cooperation with the Gizzard. The primary function of the Proventriculus is to secrete Hydrochloric acid and Pepsinogen into the digestive compartments that will churn the ingested material through muscular mechanisms. The muscle contractions of the Gizzard push material back into the Proventriculus, which then contracts to mix materials between the stomach compartments. This transfer of digested material can occur up to 4 times per minute, and the compartments can hold the stomach contents for thirty minutes to an hour. Additionally, the entire mucosal surface of the Proventriclulus is coated with raised papillae.