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 *Copied from the Fatema Mernissi page to edit 

Biography[edit]
Fatema Mernissi was born in Fez, Morocco. She grew up in the  harem  of her affluent paternal grandmother along with various female kin and servants. She received her primary education in a school established by the nationalist movement, and secondary level education in an all-girls school funded by the French protectorate. In 1957, she studied political science at the Sorbonne and at Brandeis University, gaining her doctorate there. She returned to work at the Mohammed V University and taught at the Faculté des Lettres between 1974 and 1981 on subjects such as methodology, family sociology and psychosociology. ' Mernissi is known for her sociopolitical approaches towards discussing gender and sexual identities, specifically those of which are focused within Morocco. ' She became known internationally mainly as an Islamic feminist.

Mernissi was a lecturer at the Mohammed V University of Rabat and a research scholar at the University Institute for Scientific Research, in the same city. ' Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in Muslim Society was written for her PhD thesis and later published into a book which recognizes the power of Muslim women in relation to the Islam faith.   She is seen as one of Morocco's influential feminist figures for she is a successful scholar, teacher, writer, and sociologist. ' She died in Rabat on 30 November 2015.

Career[edit]
Mernissi's first monograph, Beyond the Veil, was published in 1975. A revised edition was published in Britain in 1985 and in the US in 1987. Beyond the Veil has become a classic, especially in the fields of anthropology and sociology on women in the Arab World, the Mediterranean area or Muslim societies in general. As an Islamic feminist, Mernissi was largely concerned with Islam and women's roles in it, analyzing the historical development of Islamic thought and its modern manifestation. Through a detailed investigation of the nature of the succession to Muhammad, she cast doubt on the validity of some of the hadith (sayings and traditions attributed to him), and therefore the subordination of women that she sees in Islam, but not necessarily in the Qur'an. She contributed the piece "The merchant's daughter and the son of the sultan" to the anthology Sisterhood Is Global: The International Women's Movement Anthology (1984), edited by Robin Morgan. Her most famous book, as an Islamic feminist, The Veil and the Male Elite: A Feminist Interpretation of Islam, is a quasi-historical study of role of the wives of Muhammad. It was first published in French in 1987, and translated into English in 1991. The book was banned in Morocco, Iran, and Arab states of the Persian Gulf.

As a sociologist, Mernissi mainly did field work in Morocco. On several occasions in the late 1970s and early 1980s, she conducted interviews in order to map prevailing attitudes to women and work. She did sociological research for UNESCO and ILO as well as for the Moroccan authorities. In the same period, Mernissi contributed articles to periodicals and other publications on women in Morocco and women and Islam from a contemporary as well as from a historical perspective. Her work has been cited as an inspiration by other Muslim feminists, such as those who founded Musawah. For Doing Daily Battle: Interviews with Moroccan Women (1991), she interviewed peasant women, women labourers, clairvoyants and maidservants. In 1994, Mernissi published a memoir, Dreams of Trespass: Tales of a Harem Girlhood (in the US, the book was originally titled The Harem Within: Tales of a Moroccan Girlhood, and is still known by that title in the UK).

' A recurring topic for multiple of her writings is Scheherazde and the digital sphere.   Her article, The Satellite, the Prince, and Scheherazde: The Rise of Women as Communicators in Digital Islam explore cases in which women take part in online media outlets, while Digital Scheherazades in the Arab World covers the topics of online activities shifting cultural ways.   In her essay, she mentions how technology is quickly spreading – one of the main sources being the world wide web – and analyses the roles and contributions of women in this movement. ' She wrote extensively about life within harems, gender, and public and private spheres. ' Size 6: The Western Women’s Harem, is an essay from her book, Scheherazade Goes West: Different Cultures, Different Harems and it discusses the repression and pressures women face merely based on their physical appearance.   Whether it is women being analyzed in Moroccan society or in the West, it seems that they must live up to stereotypical standards such as dress sizes. Mernissi compares the clothing size 6 to harems and states that these practices isolate and mistreat women. '

Bibliography[edit]

 * 1975: Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in a Muslim Society. revised ed. 1985, 1987, reprinted London: Saqi Books. ISBN 0-86356-412-7
 * 1983: Le Maroc raconté par ses femmes.
 * 1984: L’amour dans les pays musulmans
 * 1985: Femmes du Gharb
 * 1987: Le harem politique – Le Prophète et les femmes (trans. 1992: The Veil and the Male Elite: A Feminist Interpretation of Islam. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0201-63221-7)
 * 1988: Shahrazad n’est pas marocaine
 * 1990: Sultanes oubliées – Femmes chefs d’Etat en Islam (trans. 1993: Forgotten Queens of Islam)
 * 1992: La Peur-Modernité
 * 1993: Women’s Rebellion and Islamic Memory
 * 1994: The Harem Within (retitled. 1995: Dreams of Trespass – Tales of a Harem Girlhood New York: Perseus Books. ISBN 0-201-48937-6)
 * 1997: Les Aït-Débrouille
 * 1998: Etes-vous vacciné contre le Harem?
 * 2001: Scheherazade Goes West. New York: Washington Square Press. ISBN 0-7434-1243-5
 * 2002: Islam and Democracy: Fear of the Modern World. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-7382-0745-4
 * 2009: Les Femmes Du Maroc. Brooklyn: PowerHouse Books. ISBN 1-57687-491-5

Edited by Mernissi:


 * 1989: Doing Daily Battle: Interviews with Moroccan Women translated by Mary Jo Lakeland. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

Awards and Legacy[edit]
' Mernissi’s works focus on providing a voice for the oppressed and marginalized women. She brings to light the contributions of women to the economy and acknowledges the roles that affect how females are viewed within Islamic cultures '. ' Throughout her career Mernissi was an avid spokesperson regarding women's rights and equality while also embracing the Islamic faith. She uses historical religious research to make claims for her modern feminist stances. '

In 2003, Mernissi was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award along with Susan Sontag. ' Mernissi presented her speech, The Cowboy or Sinbad? covering the topic of globalization and was recognized for her pensive take considering both the issue and affects of the culture. ' In 2004, she was awarded the Erasmus Prize, alongside Sadik Al-Asm and Abdolkarim Soroush. ' She was recognized for her sociocultural impact since the award was dedicated to "Religion and Modernity".   In 2017, The Middle East Studies Association created the Fatima Mernissi Book Award in her honour to recognize women and gender studies. '

 *End of Article 

September 30 Tutorial
This is a Book Citation. This is a News Article Citation.

[***ORIGINAL ARTICLE FORMAT]
 *excluding photos and sidebars 

Fatema Mernissi (فاطمة مرنيسي; 27 September 1940 – 30 November 2015) was a Moroccan feminist writer and sociologist.

Biography
Fatema Mernissi was born in Fez, Morocco. She grew up in the harem of her affluent paternal grandmother along with various female kin and servants. She received her primary education in a school established by the nationalist movement, and secondary level education in an all-girls school funded by the French protectorate. In 1957, she studied political science at the Sorbonne and at Brandeis University, gaining her doctorate there. She returned to work at the Mohammed V University and taught at the Faculté des Lettres between 1974 and 1981 on subjects such as methodology, family sociology and psychosociology. She became known internationally mainly as an Islamic feminist.

Mernissi was a lecturer at the Mohammed V University of Rabat and a research scholar at the University Institute for Scientific Research, in the same city. She died in Rabat on 30 November 2015.

Scholarship and recognition
As an Islamic feminist, Mernissi was largely concerned with Islam and women's roles in it, analyzing the historical development of Islamic thought and its modern manifestation. Through a detailed investigation of the nature of the succession to Muhammad, she cast doubt on the validity of some of the hadith (sayings and traditions attributed to him), and therefore the subordination of women that she sees in Islam, but not necessarily in the Qur'an. She wrote extensively about life within harems, gender, and public and private spheres.

As a sociologist, Mernissi mainly did field work in Morocco. On several occasions in the late 1970s and early 1980s, she conducted interviews in order to map prevailing attitudes to women and work. She did sociological research for UNESCO and ILO as well as for the Moroccan authorities. In the same period, Mernissi contributed articles to periodicals and other publications on women in Morocco and women and Islam from a contemporary as well as from a historical perspective. Her work has been cited as an inspiration by other Muslim feminists, such as those who founded Musawah.

In 2003, Mernissi was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award along with Susan Sontag. In 2004 she was awarded the Erasmus Prize, alongside Sadik Al-Asm and Abdolkarim Soroush.

Works
Mernissi's first monograph, Beyond the Veil, was published in 1975. A revised edition was published in Britain in 1985 and in the US in 1987. Beyond the Veil has become a classic, especially in the fields of anthropology and sociology on women in the Arab World, the Mediterranean area or Muslim societies in general.

Her most famous book, as an Islamic feminist, The Veil and the Male Elite: A Feminist Interpretation of Islam, is a quasi-historical study of role of the wives of Muhammad. It was first published in French in 1987, and translated into English in 1991. The book was banned in Morocco, Iran, and Arab states of the Persian Gulf.

For Doing Daily Battle: Interviews with Moroccan Women (1991), she interviewed peasant women, women labourers, clairvoyants and maidservants. In 1994, Mernissi published a memoir, Dreams of Trespass: Tales of a Harem Girlhood (in the US, the book was originally titled The Harem Within: Tales of a Moroccan Girlhood, and is still known by that title in the UK).

She contributed the piece "The merchant's daughter and the son of the sultan" to the anthology Sisterhood Is Global: The International Women's Movement Anthology (1984), edited by Robin Morgan.