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Nocturnal Sleep-Related Eating Disorder (NSRED)
Nocturnal Sleep-Related Eating Disorder (NSRED), also known as simply Sleep-Related Eating disorder (SRED), sleep eating, or somnambulistic eating, is a combination of a parasomnia and an eating disorder. Dr. John W Winkelman, an Assistant Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School and the Medical Director of the Sleep Health Center of Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, described this disorder as being in a specific category within somnambulism or a state of sleepwalking that includes behaviors connected to a person’s conscious wishes or wants. Thus many times NSRED is a person’s fulfilling of their conscious wants that they suppress; however, this disorder is difficult to distinguish from other similar types of disorders. According to doctors and psychiatrists including Dr. J. Winkelman; Dr. Robert Auger, a practicing psychiatrist at the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota; Dr. Carlos H. Schenck, an Assistant Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Minnesota Medical school; and Dr. Mark W. Mahowald, an Assistant Professors of Neurology at the University of Minnesota Medical school, NSRED is closely related to Night Eating Syndrome (NES) except for the fact that those suffering from NES are completely awake and aware of their eating and binging at night while those suffering from NSRED are sleeping and unaware of what they are doing. NES is primarily considered an eating disorder while NSRED is primarily considered a parasomnia; however, both are a combination of parasomnia and eating disorders since those suffering from NES usually have insomnia or difficulty sleeping and those suffering from NSRED experience symptoms similar to binge eating. Some even argue over whether NES and NSRED are the same or distinct disorders, ,. Even thought there have been debates over these two disorders, many specialists have decisively examined them to try to determine the differences. One of these specialists was Dr. J. Winkelman; he gave several features of the two disorders that were similar, but he gave one important factor that make these disorders different. In his article Sleep-Related Eating Disorder and Night Eating Syndrome: Sleep Disorders, Eating Disorders, Or both, Dr. Winkelman said, “Both [disorders] involve nearly nightly binging at multiple nocturnal awakenings, defined as excess calorie intake or loss of control over consumption.” Winkelman also reported that both disorders have a common occurrence of—approximately one to five percent of adults, have been predominantly found in women, with a young adult onset, have a chronic course, have a primary morbidity of weight gain, sleep disruption, and shame over loss of control over food intake, have familial bases, and have been observed to have comorbid depression and daytime eating disorders in both NES and SRED. However, Dr. J. Winkelman said, “The most prominent cited distinction between NES and SRED is the level of consciousness during nighttime eating episodes.” Therefore, these two disorders are extremely similar with only one distinction between them. This information provided by Dr. Winkelman shows how doctors and psychologists have difficulty differentiating between NES and NSRED, but the distinction of a person’s level of consciousness is what doctors chiefly rely on to make a diagnosis. One mistake that is often made is the misdiagnosis of NSRED for NES. However, even though NSRED is not a commonly known and diagnosed disease, many people suffer from it in many differing ways while doctors work to find a treatment that works for everyone; several studies have been done on NSRED, such as the one conducted by Schenk and Mahowald. These studies, in turn, provides the basic information on this disorder including the symptoms, behaviors, and possible treatments that doctors are using today

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Throughout the age of our modern advances in science, scientists and doctors have discovered people suffering from NSRED. According to Carlos H. Schenck and Mark W. Mahowald, the first case of NSRED was reported in 1955, but over the next thirty-six years, only nine more reports were made of this syndrome. Seven of these reports were single-case studies and the other two were seen during objective sleeping studies, all done by various psychiatrists and doctors. Schenck and Mahowald were the first to a major study on this disorder from the first time it was discovered. In fact, Schenck and Mahowald started their study of NSRED in 1985 and continued until 1993 with several cases among a total of 38 other various sleep-related disorders. Many of the cases they observed had symptoms that overlapped with those of NES, but this study was the first to discover that NSRED was different from NES in the fact that those suffering from NSRED were either partially or completely unaware of their actions at night while those with NES were aware. Schenck and Mahowald also discovered that none of these patients had any eating instability before their problems at night while sleeping. In the 1993 report concerning their study, Schenck and Mahowald summarized the major findings with the idea that women encompass at least two thirds of the patients and that the majority of these patients had become overweight. They also discovered that while the patients’ night-eating normally started during early adulthood, this wasn’t always the case as it started as early as childhood to as late as middle adulthood. These patients not only had NSRED, but many of these had also been suffering from other nighttime behaviors such as sleep terrors for several years. This was revolutionizing the way people saw NSRED. Schenck and Mahowald gave the basic information for doctors and psychiatrist to use, as they would attempt to diagnose those with NSRED. With the technological age growing and more people becoming obese, Schenck and Mahowald’s discovery of NSRED causing a large weight increase helped doctors more easily identify this disorder. As seen in Table 1 below, almost half of Schenck and Mahowald’s patients were significantly obese from their NSRED excursions. Body mass index evaluations had been done, and according to the index’s criteria, no patient was emaciated. Schenck and Mahowald said, “Virtually all patients had accurate non-distorted appraisals of their body size, shape, and weight. Furthermore, unlike the patients in Stunkard's series, none of our patients had problematic eating in the evening between dinner and bedtime; sleep onset insomnia was not present; and sleep latency was usually brief, apart from several patients with RLS.” After realizing what was wrong with them, many of Schenck and Mahowald’s patients with NSRED restricted their day eating and over exercised. This table summary identifies the first initial findings concerning NSRED, and it shows how NSRED is a random malady that affects many different types of people in individual ways.

SYMPTOMS/BEHAVIORS
Over the past thirty years, several studies have found that those afflicted with NSRED all have different symptoms and behaviors specific to them, yet they also all have similar characteristics that doctors and psychologists have identified to distinguish NSRED from other combinations of sleep and eating disorders such as Night Eating Syndrome. Dr. John W. Winkelman says that typical behaviors for patients with NSRED include: “Partial arousals from sleep, usually within 2 to 3 hours of sleep onset, and subsequent ingestion of food in a rapid or ‘out of control’ manner.” They also will attempt to eat bizarre amalgamations of foods and even potentially harmful substances such as glue, wood, or other toxic materials. In addition, Schenck and Mahowald noted that their patients mainly ate sweets, pastas, and both hot and cold meals, and also improper substances such as “raw, frozen, or spoiled foods; salt or sugar sandwiches; buttered cigarettes; and odd mixtures prepared in a blender.”     During the handling of this food, patients with NSRED distinguish themselves, as they are usually messy or harmful to themselves. Some eat their food with their bare hands while others attempt to eat it with utensils. This occasionally results in injuries to the person as well as other injuries. After completing their studies, Schenck and Mahowald said, “Injuries resulted from the careless cutting of food or opening of cans; consumption of scalding fluids (coffee) or solids (hot oatmeal); and frenzied running into walls, kitchen counters, and furniture.” A few of the more notable symptoms of this disorder include large amounts of weight gain over short periods of time, particularly in women; irritability during the day, due to lack of restful sleep; and vivid dreams at night. It is easily distinguished from regular sleepwalking by the typical behavioral sequence consisting of “rapid, ‘automatic’ arising from bed, and immediate entry into the kitchen.” In addition, throughout all of the studies done, doctors and psychiatrists discovered that these symptoms are invariant across weekdays, weekends, and vacations as well as the eating excursions being erratically spread throughout a sleep cycle. Most people that suffer from this disease retain no control over when they arise and consume food in their sleep. Although some have been able to restrain themselves from indulging in their unconscious appetites, some have not and must turn to alternative methods of stopping this disorder. It is important for trained physicians to recognize these symptoms in their patients as quickly as possible, so those with NSRED may be treated before they injury themselves.

TREATMENT
For those patients who have not been able to stop this disorder on their own, doctors have been working to discover a treatment that will work for everyone. One treatment that Schenck and Mahowald studied consisted of psychotherapy combined with "environmental manipulation." This was usually done separately from the weight-reducing diets. However, during this study only 10 percent of the patients were able to lose more than one third of their initial excess weight, which was not a viable percentage. In addition, they reported that many of the patients experienced “major depression” and “severe anxiety” during the attempted treatments. This was not one of the most successful attempts to help those with NSRED. However, Dr. R. Auger reported on another trial treatment where patients were treated utilizing pramipexole. Those conducting the treatment noticed how the nocturnal median motor activity was decreased, as was assessed by actigraphy, and individual progress of sleep quality was reported. Nevertheless, Dr. Augur also said, “27 percent of subjects had RLS [Restless Leg Syndrome] (a condition known to respond to this medication), and number and duration of waking episodes related to eating behaviors were unchanged.” Encouraged by the positive response verified in the abovementioned trial treatment, doctors and psychiatrists conducted a more recent study described by Dr. Auger as “efficacy of topiramate [an antiepileptic drug associated with weight loss] in 17 consecutive patients with NSRED.”  Out of the 65 percent of patients who continued to take the medication on a regular basis, all confirmed either considerable development or absolute remission of “night-eating” in addition to “significant weight loss” being achieved. This has been one of the most effective treatments discovered so far, but many patients still suffered from NSRED. Therefore, other treatments were sought after. Such treatments include those targeted to associated sleep disorders with the hope that it would play an essential part of the treatment process of NSRED. In Schenck and Mahowald’s series, combinations of cardibopa/L-dopa, codeine, and clonazepam were used to treat five patients with RLS and one patient with somnambulism and PLMS (Periodic Limb Movements in Sleep). These patients all were suffering from NSRED as well as these other disorders, and they all experienced a remission of their NSRED as a result of taking these drugs. Two patients with OSA (Obstructive Sleep Apnea) and NSRED also reported as having a “resolution of their symptoms with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) therapy.” Clonazepam monotherapy was also found to be successful in 50 percent of patients with simultaneous somnambulism. Interestingly, dopaminergic agents such as monotherapy were effective in 25 percent of the NSRED subgroup. Success with combinations of dopaminergic and opioid drugs, with the occasional addition of sedatives, also was found in seven patients without associated sleep disorders. In those for whom opioids and sedatives are relatively contraindicated (e.g., in those with histories of substance abuse), two case reports were described as meeting with success with a combination of bupropion, levodopa, and trazodone. Notably, hypnotherapy, psychotherapy, and various behavioral techniques, including environmental manipulation, were not effective on the majority of the patients studied. Nevertheless, Dr. Auger argue that behavioral strategies should complement the overall treatment plan and should include deliberate placement of food to avoid indiscriminate wandering, maintenance of a safe sleep environment, and education regarding proper sleep hygiene and stress management. Even with their extensive studies, Schenck and Mahowald did not find the success as Dr. Auger found by treating his patients with topiramate. In a later study done by Phebe Tucker and Barbara Masters, both professors at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center used topiramate to treat a woman’s issues with NSRED as well as Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). They discovered that this treatment led to the woman’s resolution of PSTD, NSRED, and sleepwalking. Besides all of this, the treatment also helped the woman to lose over 70 pounds and maintain the weight loss. Thus far, doctors’ uses of the drug topiramate to treat NSRED have been successful in most patients, and for those that this drug does not work, many other treatments have been explored to aid them.

CASE STUDIES
The treatments listed beforehand have been effective in many patients’ lives such as Amy Koechler and Anna Ryan as their symptoms of NSRED are reduced or stopped altogether.

Amy Koechler
Amy Koechler’s NSRED was studied by various doctors and psychiatrists over the years of her life since the discovery of it during her youth and eventually reported by Nelli Black and Megan Robertson in their article Midnight Snack? Not Quite. featured during Women Share Their Stories of Unconscious Eating on ABC on August 19, 2008. When this article was done, Amy, now 24, recounted what it was like to grow up sleep-eating almost every night. “While fast asleep, ‘I would get up in the middle of the night, and I would grab Girl Scout cookies,’ she said. ‘I would get my mom, and I would pretend to have a tea party. And she became really frustrated with me because I would constantly wake her up.’” This type of behavior went on in the Koechler house for over twenty years, and as Amy got older, her nightly trips to the kitchen became more frequent. About her increasing number of trips, Amy said, “It was not once a night, it was seven, eight, nine times a night. There were times where I would get up, and it would be probably a half hour after I'd fallen asleep." Luckily, even thought Amy’s nightly excursions increased, her weight did not increase and her figure remained regular. However, to help prevent the possibility of her gain large amounts of weight in the future, Amy and her family decided that she needed to get help. She actually went to work with Dr. Carlos H. Schenck, and he put her on a drug that is actually used to prevent seizures .  These help to stop her nightly visits to the kitchen, and she can now go an entire night without getting out of bed once.  However, this is only as long as she is taking the medicine prescribed by Schenck.

Anna Ryan
Another case reported on by Black and Robertson included Anna Ryan’s NSRED. However, Anna’s case differs significantly from Amy’s in the major facts that Anna didn’t even know that she was suffering from NSRED for a year and a half and that she gained over 60 pounds during that time. Anna first noticed that something was wrong when she felt exhausted during the day even after she had gotten what she thought was a good night’s rest. She said, “I would wake up, and it felt like I hadn’t gone to bed.” Anna decided to go talk to her doctor, Scott Eveloff, about her lack of energy, and he suggested that she participate in a sleep study. When Anna participated in such a prescribed study, she discovered that was up most nights and eating while sleeping. Dr. Eveloff said of Anna’s nighttime gorging after her cameras capture five different trips to the kitchen in two nights, “If you’ll notice on the video, Anna does pass by the fruit, passes by several other more nutritious foods and then not only take the non-nutritious food but, unfortunately, takes a lot of it and eats in almost a slovenly manner. This is classic sleep eating behavior.” After making these observations, Eveloff placed Anna on several different medications; however, Anna did not respond as quickly to medication as Amy Koechler had in her case. Eveloff mentioned to Black and Robertson that people suffering from NSRED generally fall into two categories. He said, “There’s the group of people who respond beautifully to the first attempt at low-dose medication, and then there’s a group of people who remain difficult to treat despite every single medication and medication combination being thrown at them.” Fortuitously, even though Anna Ryan did not have much success with medications prescribed for her disorder at the beginning, she eventually, through trial and error with a variety of medications, discovered a combination of drugs that gave her a complete, restful night’s sleep.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, Nocturnal Sleep Related Eating Disorder has effected thousand of people in an adverse way while other suffer from it their whole lives not even knowing they have it and not suffering any major side effects; however, those that are truly suffering from it have been helped through doctors and psychiatrists studies on the characteristics of NSRED and the best treatments for those that have this disorder. At the same time some symptoms are different in the various individuals that have NSRED, their treatments also differ in the same way. This makes it difficult for doctors to treat NSRED, but they are attempting to help all of those that realize and know they suffer from this disorder.