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Patrilineality in Judaism
Patrilineality in Judaism or patrilineal descent in Judaism is the tracing of Jewish descent through the patrilineal line.Karaite Judaism predominantly follows patrilineal descent (as well as conversion) because—unlike mainstream Rabbinic Judaism, which considers the Oral Torah, codified in the Talmud and subsequent works, to be authoritative interpretations of the Torah—Karaite Jews do not believe that the written collections of the oral tradition in the Midrash or the Talmud are binding, recognizing the written Tanakh alone as its supreme authority in halakha (Jewish religious law) and theology. Karaites believe that all of the divine commandments which were handed down to Moses by God were recorded in the written Torah without any additional Oral Law or explanation.

The haplogroup of the ancient Israelites were J2
Modern scholars Jonathan Tubb and Mark S. Smith have theorized—based on their archaeological and linguistic interpretations—that the Kingdom of Israel and the Kingdom of Judah represented a subset of Canaanite culture and the ancient Israelites were in fact themselves Canaanites. Mark Smith suggests "that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature."

Zalloua and Wells (2004), under the auspices of a grant from National Geographic Magazine, examined the origins of the Canaanite Phoenicians. The debate between Wells and Zalloua was whether haplogroup J2 (M172) should be identified as that of the Phoenicians or that of its "parent" haplogroup M89 on the YDNA phylogenetic tree. Initial consensus suggested that J2 be identified with the Canaanite-Phoenician (North Levantine) population, with avenues open for future research. As Wells commented, "The Phoenicians were the Canaanites." It was reported in the PBS description of the National Geographic TV Special on this study entitled "Quest for the Phoenicians" that ancient DNA was included in this study as extracted from the tooth of a 2500-year-old Phoenician mummy. Wells identified the haplogroup of the Canaanites as haplogroup J2 which originated from Anatolia and the Caucasus.