User:Aina Arguijo/Creativity and AI

Creativity and Artificial Intelligence are strongly related terms. This is due to the fact that both show the realization of processes of search and combination of data (knowledge, experiences...) with the optimal objective of reaching the creation of something new. As Margaret Boden very well mentioned: "If we understand creativity as the result of establishing new relationships between blocks of knowledge that we already possess, then the more prior knowledge we have, the greater our ability to be creative." Considering their contributions, one can come to think that artificial intelligence can be creative. However, it should be noted that what is creative must show a "value" for the creator or for society itself.

Artificial intelligence can have a certain creative or innovative capacity. Since this is related to the identification and recombination of existing information following certain models or stipulated guidelines. However, a machine is currently not capable of producing perceptual changes in these areas of knowledge. On the other hand, artificial intelligence is also not capable of identifying needs, and emotions, or connecting and empathizing with human beings. Therefore, creating something new does not imply that it is useful.

It is for this very reason that the criteria to be followed when identifying an activity as creative are the following:


 * The novelty criterion: A product, service, or solution can be considered creative if it brings something new or original. And this is attributable to works of art, to science, and to a higher sensitivity to a new way of thinking or acting or even organizing.


 * The criterion of value: The new creation must fulfill a function, solve a problem, or ultimately be useful for a group of the population in a given context.

Historical bases that lead us to talk about creativity and artificial intelligence
During Ancient Greece, it was attributed to the word tekné, the set of everything that is both artistic and technical. So, both technology and art share an origin and a desire to go further and to be able to overcome everything that has been established so far.

The art of the 21st century, like other sectors, would not be the same without the contribution of technology. It is observed that photography, cinema, television, painting, theater, writing... They would not be what they are without the great contributions that technology has made towards the public and the creators.

The attribution that only the human species can be creative is relatively recent. Over the years and for centuries, creation has been considered to have come from a divine being. Humans were thus in the background, limited to the manufacture of more or less imaginative subedits, based and copied to a lesser or greater extent from the divine creation. Therefore, this means that as a society it is complicated to achieve that machines can be intelligent or creative. Nowadays, however, creativity is not something mystical and divine. If not something that can be investigated, simulated, and re-conducted for the benefit of society.

Types of creativity according to Margaret Boden
There are various types of creativity, and at the same time also various ways of becoming creative. This point must be observed in order to understand how artificial intelligence is related or can be related to creativity. Margaret Boden distinguishes three types:


 * Combinatorial creativity: It is based on the principle that nothing is completely original, but that everything is made from things or ideas that already exist. It is the recombination of what already exists, giving rise to new creations. That is the unusual combination of common ideas.


 * Exploratory creativity: It consists of the exploration of the different possibilities that exist within a field of knowledge. It is the creativity exhibited by mathematicians when they discover a new theorem or musicians when they compose a new melody.


 * Transformative creativity: The latter completely redefines a field of knowledge or produces a change in the dominant paradigms.

So, according to Boden: “Creativity is not magic. It is an aspect of normal human intelligence, not a special faculty bestowed on a small elite. There are three forms: combinational, exploratory and transformational. All three can be modeled by AI, in some cases, with impressive results. AI techniques underlie various types of computational art. Whether computers could "really" be creative is not a scientific but a philosophical question, to which there is no clear answer. But we are at the beginning of the scientific understanding of creativity".

Examples of creativity and AI
Artificial Intelligence can play a prominent role in creative processes in areas such as music, fine arts, architecture, and science. A computer, for example, can be a brush, a musical instrument, a canvas, etc. Therefore, there is the possibility of seeing this machine as a creative entity in itself and not just as a tool to help human creators.

It is necessary to bear in mind the various forms in which what is considered artificial creativity is born. You can see several studies and cases in which the philosophical question arises as to whether an artificial intelligence machine can really become creative.

First, the study of conceptual spaces is observed. The 'creative' AI can be fed through drawing techniques, some basic rules on how to paint a portrait alongside a list of great painters where works and styles are found. In other words, what makes Goya paint like Goya. You can then be asked to paint your own picture, keeping in mind the guideline to make it look like these brushes were used by Goya himself. A good example carried out was the one performed by David Cope with EMI (Experiments in Musical Intelligence), where an AI created a new melody imitating Beethoven. On the other hand, it can also be seen how Botnik Studios, presented a few years ago a novel that would continue the Harry Potter saga prepared by a bot trained with the previous seven books. As a final example, we can see the Gradient Descent exhibition with paintings created entirely by computer, compiled by the Nature Morte gallery and Le Comte de Belamy, a painting made without human intervention by the Obvious collective.

Finally, the concept of 'Doing Transformations' is observed. This is born from the idea that computers can program themselves, that is, systems that are called 'artificial development' and that are used in some specific fields with quite remarkable results. But it is true that it is one of the least explored forms and there is still a lot of ground to cover in order to generate this artificial creativity.

How AI influences human creativity
Artificial intelligence implies a series of consequences in terms of the quality of human life and makes changes in the way of seeing it. This, in part, involves freeing people from tasks that can become tedious, so that they can devote more time to being creative and innovative. It is therefore observed how many labor-intensive tasks can be systematized and performed by a machine.

For example, two points to highlight that increasingly can be part of this automation of tasks by artificial intelligence are:


 * Sift through huge retail sales data sets, identifying patterns and trends that can inform forecasting and inventory decisions.


 * Categorize, tag, and analyze large amounts of unstructured data, including documents, audio files, video files, and images.

Differences between creativity based on artificial and human intelligence
The main differences between creativity based on artificial and human intelligence are as follows.

The first big difference is based on patterns and innovation. This is because the AI ​​is good at spotting patterns, but a little less effective at seeing when to figure out a pattern. On the other hand, innovation is contextualized through social connections and relationships. Instead, human creativity is driven by different connections with others and their ideas. It is therefore observed how neural networks and AI programs cannot understand the external context. Adapting thus, to social norms and interactions beyond the scope of its specific purpose and data set.

Next, subjectivity must be taken into account. In order to be able to talk about creativity, one must appreciate the ability to coordinate proactively, the ability to think metaphorically, and finally, the ability to make predictions that go beyond simple extrapolation. However, lecturer Anton Oleinik mentioned: "At best, Artificial Intelligence can mimic creativity, replicating and augmenting existing human results."