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Electromagnetic spectrum
The electromagnetic radiation spectrum is made up of a variety of wavelengths, ranging from long radiowaves to visible light, and is separated into various spectral zones according to how they interact. Electromagnetic radiation is defined by classical physics as the flow of energy across media containing electric and magnetic fields, such as space. It is explained by photons in modern quantum theory.

Chemical characterisation makes advantage of the various ways that electromagnetic radiations interact with materials, including absorption, emission, transmission, reflection, refraction, and diffraction.

 Types of Radiations 

1: Cosmic Rays
High-energy radiations with short wavelengths—not electromagnetic radiations—are known as cosmic rays. They are thought to be released by supernova explosions and are not a part of the solar spectrum. They shower down as atomic pieces on Earth and disrupt satellite electronics. Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, a French physicist, used the observation of an electrically charged sphere in the atmosphere to explain cosmic rays. Because of the Earth's magnetic field, they enter the atmosphere and manifest as radiation showers.

2: gamma rays
High-frequency, high-energy, shorter wavelength radiations released by the sun and radioactive material decay are known as gamma rays. They are highly invasive and can be created artificially in labs with the use of synchrotrons and cyclotrons. They can be utilized for destructive purposes like nuclear bombs and are employed in a variety of industries, hospitals, cancer therapy, and aeronautical engineering.

3: x-rays
The discovery of x-rays was an unintentional experiment carried out by German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895. He found that when electrons remove an inner orbital electron from an atom, inner shell electronic transitions occur, producing x-rays. The term "quasar" refers to these ionizing radiations. X-rays are frequently utilized in x-ray machines for cancer therapy, diagnostics, and determining the structures of unidentified crystalline substances. They have a variety of uses and can traverse different kinds of material.

4: Ultra-Violet Region
The ionizing and potentially chemically bond-breaking ultraviolet radiations fall between x-rays and the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Although they damage live tissues, they are helpful for digesting chemicals. Skin cancer risk is rising due to the loss of the ozone layer caused by environmental pollution, which blocks dangerous UV rays.

5: Visible Region
Visible spectroscopy and colorimetry make use of the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, which includes the hues violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red. It investigates how colored materials absorb visible light between 400 and 800 nm in wavelength range. This helps with quantitative analysis, quality control, and the calculation of structure and dissociation constants.

6: Infra-Red Region
The electromagnetic spectrum includes infrared light, which was discovered in 1800 by British astronomer William Herschel. Though it is invisible to the naked eye, heat causes it to be felt. Infrared radiation is employed in sensing and detection as well as heat transfer. Infrared radiation is emitted by everything and is detectable by electrical sensors. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is useful for scientific applications, and infrared spectroscopy monitors emissions at particular wavelengths.

7: Sub-millimeter radiations
Sub-millimeter radiation, or electromagnetic waves in the terahertz region, finds application in non-destructive plastics and polymer analysis, pharmaceutical sample analysis, packaging inspection, food and agricultural product quality control, and tissue biopsy, among other fields. These waves are non-ionizing and safe for human usage.

8: Microwave Region
EMR (nucleus magnetic resonance) spectroscopy, electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, global positioning, communication, broadcasting, and telecommunication all use microwaves, which are dependable, low power, large bandwidth electromagnetic radiations. They are also employed in radio-wave spectroscopy to obtain nonionizing information on unpaired electrons in chemical samples, as well as in radio-location procedures.

9: Radiowave Region
Radiowaves are electromagnetic radiations produced by artificial or natural sources, such as satellites or lightning, that have the largest wavelength and least energy. They are utilized in television transmission, which necessitates a wider frequency range for both audio and visual data. In the atmosphere of Earth, different frequencies propagate in different ways.

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