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Effects of Salinization on Freshwater Organisms

Due to body permeability, the salinity of the organism’s aquatic environment can have a huge influence on cellular stability. Organisms residing in freshwater ecosystems need to maintain an osmotic balance between their body fluids and the ion concentrations within their cells. Changes in osmotic pressure requires large amounts of energy and can result in cellular damage and death within the organism. Changes within salinity levels affect organisms within freshwater ecosystems both directly and indirectly. The toxic levels of salt ions can directly result in physiology changes in species which can cause harmful effects to not only the individual, but also the species population. The various effects on these organisms can then indirectly affect the overall freshwater ecosystem by modifying the aquatic community structure and function. As salinity increases within a freshwater ecosystem, often this results in a decrease of biota diversity and richness. The extinction rate for for freshwater organisms are among the highest worldwide and as salinity levels in these aquatic ecosystems continue to increase, more species and their environments will be threatened.

Effects of Freshwater Salinization on Human Health

Most of the water that humans use and consume everyday originate from freshwater sources. High salt concentrations within drinking water sources can result in many harmful effects on human health. A study on two coastal villages in Bangladesh showed that when freshwater contaminated with high salinity concentrations is consumed, it can result in health issues such as hair loss, skin diseases, gastric problems, diarrhea, and high blood pressure. High salinity levels in drinking water also has been found to be highly associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Freshwaters that are alkaline and salty can also mobilize and release a variety of chemicals that travel together throughout watersheds, contaminate human water sources, and can cause a variety of negative health effects on humans if consumed. These toxic chemicals, often consisting of metals and nitrogen containing compounds, are either forced out of streambed soils by the salt ions, or the salinity within the water corrodes the pipes through passing which releases the chemicals into the water source. An example of this occurring was in Flint, Michigan. Due to the high salt concentrations in the Flint River water source from nearby road salt runoffs, the water passing through the resident's pipes contributed to corrosion and the release of lead into their drinking water.

Possible Remediation/Prevention Efforts

One idea is that there should be a creation of a national standardized data base where local governments and companies can report the quantity and chemical concentration of the road salts that are released for de-icing purposes. This would help regulate and monitor the ions being released into the environment so nearby freshwater sources can be monitored for exposure more carefully. There also needs to be a standardized reference developed by reputable scientists that shows what the average expected levels of salt ions for a normal freshwater ecosystem are. A Canadian study suggested the use of halophyte plants to help remediate the salt exposure within the soils and prevent its infiltration into ground water. Halophytes are plants that have a high salt tolerance, and the purpose of the study was to see if they could be planted around areas with high road salt usages to prevent infiltration into water sources. The results showed that when the surrounding soil was tested, 11% of Cl ions and 87% of Na ions were retained within the top soil layers when halophytes were present. This shows potential in the prevention of road salt runoff from accessing freshwater sources. If halophytes were potentially planted around freshwater sources maybe salt ions will be less likely to runoff into freshwater sources and salinity can be limited or prevented. In regards to other harmful human practices such as mining, conservationists and volunteers are planting species of native Appalachian trees and plants on sites used previously for mining activities. Replanting these native plants will hopefully remediate the land that was destroyed by the mountain top mining practices and increases the biodiversity in Appalachia. The red spruce was one native species that was reintroduced due to its important ability to filter and capture water from a deep organic layer within its surrounding soil. 90% of the red spruce trees planted survived, which shows promise towards remediation efforts through the use of native species.