User:Ajpolino/sandbox/Dracunculiasis

CDC 2022

 * They describe the lesion rupturing on its own and worms discharging larvae upon water contact.
 * "hundreds of thousands of larvae"
 * A bit more description of disability: "Disability is a common outcome of GWD. People have difficulty moving around because of pain and complications caused by secondary bacterial infections. The disability that occurs during worm removal and recovery prevents people from working in their fields, tending animals, going to school, and caring for their families. Disability lasts 8.5 weeks on average but sometimes can be permanent."
 * Mentions that copepods can only be seen under a magnifying glass
 * They say the blister bursts after 24-72hours, and the worm's secretion is triggered by water contact.
 * "Millions of immature larvae"
 * >90% of worms emerge from legs and feet.
 * Some details on eradication certification and dog outbreak
 * "The Carter Centerexternal icon (TCC) became the lead organization in this global effort. They direct a coalition of partners that includes Ministries of Health of endemic countries, the World Health Organization, UNICEF, and CDC along with thousands of village volunteers and supervisory health staff."
 * "The WHOCC provides laboratory confirmation of D. medinensis in all human cases of GWD... using microscopic examination and, if required, molecular assays."
 * "The risk for disease varies by sex, age, profession, and ethnicity... " paragraph gets to a point Colin asked about, suggesting young people, farmers, and herders may be more likely to drink contaminated stagnant water while away from home.
 * "The greatest risk for GWD is having GWD the year before."
 * "It also might have been related to some biological charactereistic of the person that increased susceptibility. Not everyone drinking from the same contaminated water supply will become infected. A few people seem to kep getting infected while others drinking the same water do not."
 * "...disability is a common outcome of GWD. People have difficulty moving around because of pain and complications caused by secondary bacterial infections."
 * "In some villages here infection rates were high, more than 60% of children missed school."
 * "Safe drinking water sources include bore-hole wells and deep hand-dug wells with protective walls around them that prevent contaminated water from flowing back into the well..."

PD7 2019

 * History - sometimes referred to as "the fiery serpent of the Israelites"..., The Guinea worm is thought by many to be the serpent depicted on the Rod of Asclepius..., Dracunculiasis is described in the Bible as the fiery serpents that afflicted the Israelites.
 * Lengths - The female adult parasite is long and thin, measuring more than 100 cm by 1.5 mm. The smaller male typically measures 40 mm by 0.4 mm.
 * Not in article:
 * Used to occur throughout Central Africa, Yemen, India, Pakistan, and to a lesser extent Latin America
 * Infection with D. medinensis disfigures the skin and subcutaneous tissues with unsightly scars...
 * In 1819 Karl Asmund Rudolphi described adult female D. medinensis worms containing larvae
 * In 1838 D. Forbes... described D. medinensis in water
 * In 1849, George Busk published on Guinea worm and suggested that humans become infected through the skin when they are exposed to water containing the contagion
 * In 1863, Henry Bastian provided the first formal description of the anatomy of D. medinensis.
 * In 1913, the Indian bacteriologist Dyneshvar Turkhud pieced together all the crucial steps in the life cycle and fulfilled the requirements of Koch's postulates for this infection when he infected human volunteers by having them ingest infected Cyclops
 * Some members of the species are red in color, but the reason for this is not known
 * Members of both sexes have acutely curved tails that serve to anchor them in the tissues.
 * Humans usually in drinking water, swallow copepods infected with L3 larvae
 * During a primary infection, there are no apparent host responses to the presence of the worm during its maturation process. If worms do not complete their migration and die they may either disintegrate or become calcified. This causes disease if the calcification event happens to occur near a joint.
 * ... the worm secretes a toxin that induces local inflammation, leading to a papule...
 * ... but can also locate on the upper extremities and the trunk
 * Patients can become sensitized to secretions of the worm, with the consequent allergic reactions of urticaria and pruritis. Anaphylactic reactions have also been reported.
 * Surgical removal of the worms has been effective, but may exaggerate allergic reactions


 * Diagnosis - by locating the head... of the adult worm... or by identifying the larvae. Also mentions that there is an ELISA test.

Spector 2016

 * "The infection is ancient"
 * "The Global Dracunculiasis Eradication Campaign (led largely by the Carter Center...)"
 * "...lower legs are the most common exit points (90%), although any part of the body can be involved."
 * .. release hundreds of thousands of... larvae..."

Hotez 2013

 * "... guinea worm infection has been practically eradicated from the planet..."
 * "... the Carter Center in cooperation with the CDC, UNICEF, and WHO has led a 20-year-long... eradication program."
 * "containing thousands of immature D. medinensis larvae"