User:Akash tahir/sandbox

Akash tahir........ Economic and Aesthetic Value of Vegetable in Pakistan]

Nutrition: Vegetables are rich and comparatively cheaper source of vitamins. Their consumption in plenty fair amount of protein.They also play key role in neutralizing the acids produced during digestion of pretentious and fatty foods and which help in movement of food in intestine. Some of the vegetables are good sources of carbohydrates

vitamin A : carrot, tomato, leafy vegetables Vitamin B:  peas, garlic and tomato Vitamin C : green chillies,Cole crops, leafy vegetables and radish leaves. Daily Requirement of Vegetables:

75 - 125 g of green leafy vegetables, 85 g of other vegetables and 85 g of                             roots and tubers with other food. Importance as Food: Food production is increasing. Then our economic is also strength If is essential to sustain increased production besides nutritional standard of people. It can be increased by increasing production of vegetables which will help to solve food problem as yield of vegetable crops is 4 to 10 times more than cereals. Thus, vegetables play a vital role on food front as they are cheapest-sources of natural foods and can admirably supplement the main cereals of the country. Importance to a grower: Nature is in providing us-with all kinds of vegetable crops that can be grown in different seasons of the year in Pakistan provinces. Different kinds of, vegetables provide leaf, stem, flower, fruit or seed for consumption. Farmers can grow vegetable crops throughout the year for earning regular and steady income to meet the daily expenditure. There are vegetables of very short duration that can be grown as rained and intercrops in either agronomical crops or vegetable crops. There 'are vegetables which will improve soil and also provide fodder to catties. Thus farmer has wide choice to select suitable crop to adjust in his cropping pattern in given situation. Climate and soil conditions of this region are conducive to grow different vegetables.

Employment: Since cultivation of vegetable crops involves intensive cultural operations starting from sowing to marketing, it provides more and regular employment opportunities in rural areas. Industrial importance: Industry as a commercial proposition largely depends on mainly allied enterprises like storage, processing marketing and maintenance and service enterprises to encourage vegetable growing. The value of vegetables as an important article of daily human diet has come to be recognized all over the world in recent years .Vegetables contribute vital Role to Improve our Ecnomic:

1. They are rich sources of 'Protective' elements like minerals, salts, vitamins and other chemical substances, which the human body seeds to maintain good health and cheer.

2. Per acre yield of vegetables is very high.

3. They are an important source of farm income.

4. They have high aesthetic value.

5. More vegetable crops can be raised in one year.

6. Importance of vegetables in farmer's economy.

7. Vegetables are important .source of farm income:

8. Vegetables are sold at a higher rate than other crops. It provides regular as well as good source of income in addition to the income from the agronomic crops.

9. It provides regular work throughout the year to the year to the fanners and his family labours.

10. Per acre yielded vegetables is very high: Vegetables give very high quantity of food per acre and they grow quickly. It is found that vegetables give higher yields in comparison to other crop Production for medicinal properties:

Many of the vegetable crops posses high medical value for curing certain diseases. For instance, onion and garlic are found to possess antibacterial property (Sharma et. al. 1976). Many solanaceous and cucurbitaceous vegetables are found to possess Vitamin D. Vegetable seed production: Vegetables offer good value in terms of nutrients and therefore, less developed countries, especially South Asian States have vegetable Dietary habits. Hence these poor countries grow and consume Much more vegetables for their main food requirements. Pakistan has greater opportunities, being a centre for vegetable production And can export fresh and canned vegetables in most of the Asian countries to earn foreign exchange. At present, mostly the growers depends on imported seeds, but it is true that many jobs farm of labourers, could be created by growing vegetables for seed production, seed trade and export business may also increase, which reduce annual import costs on vegetable Seeds. Due to the fact that this sector has not been explored To earn more income through exports to other countries. Farmers prefer to grow vegetables due to short plantation duration and it is Considered as the low delta crop. The vegetables can play great role in     the economy of the country

PAKISTAN HORTICULTURE DEVELOPMENT & EXPORT   BOARD Onion Marketing Plan Background Information Pakistan is blessed with vast agricultural resources on account of its fertile land, well-irrigated plains, extremes of weather, and centuries old tradition of farming. It is because of its central importance in the economy that the Government has identified agriculture as one of the four major drivers of growth. According to an estimate, the total value of agriculture crops at current factor cost is estimated at Rs.550.268 billion, divided into major crops. Pakistan has unique but unsophisticated network of up to six or seven intermediaries between the primary source (producer and growers) and the end user. Because of the presence of so many layers and the lack of adequate marketing infrastructure facilities, 30 to 40% of the perishable produce gets spoiled before reaching the ultimate consumer. Onion is one of the main cash crops for the farmers as well as among the main exportable horticulture commodities from the country. Therefore, development of onion crop will improve farm incomes and foreign exchange earnings 2.0 Onion Production World Onion Production It is estimated that annually about 55 million tons of onions are produced all over the world. In many parts of the world it is staple food of the people. China and India contribute almost half of world onion production. The world market for onion is expanding with the increase in global population. The statistics reveal that exporting countries are almost maintaining their share with of course some bad years due to bad crop. Pakistan Onion Production: Pakistan annually produces about 1.5 million tons of onion. Though subjected to annual variations, overall area and production of onions in Pakistan have shown an increasing trend during the past 5 years (Table 2): Table 2: Area and Production of Onions for the Period from 1999/00 to 2003/04 in Pakistan Year 	Area (‘000’ ha)	Production (‘000’ tons) 1999/00 	109.8	1648.0 2000/01 	105.6	1563.3 2001/02 	103.8	1385.0 2002/03 	108.0	1427.5 2003/04 	109.0	1449.0 Average (1999-2004) 	107.2	1494.5 Sindh is the leading onion producing province in Pakistan followed by Balochistan, Punjab and NWFP. Province-wise area and production of onion are presented in Table 3: Onion in Punjab is mainly produced in Southern part comprising of Khanewal, Vehari, Okara, D. G. Khan, Bahawalpur and R. Y. Khan districts. Ghotki, Nausherhro Feroze, Nawabshah, Shikarpur, Sanghar, Mirpur Khas and Hyderabad are main onion producing district in Sindh. Similarly Swat and Dir in

Province-wise Production of Onions in Pakistan (2001/04 Ave) Province 	Area (000 Ha) 	Production(000 Tons) 	% Share Punjab 	25.5 	247.7 	17.0 Sindh 	51.4 	646.1 	44.4 NWFP 	10.1 	192.6 	13.2 Balochistan 	20.0 	369.8 	25.4 Pakistan 	107.0 	1456.4 NWFP and Mastung, kalat and Chagai are main onion producing districts in Balochistan. Harvest Seasons of Onion: The agro-ecological diversity obtained in the country enables production of onions almost around the year. However, production volumes greatly differ from crop to crop as follows: • June-July Punjab & NWFP Plains (13%) • August-September NWFP Uplands (16%) • August-October Balochistan (26%) • November-May Sindh (45%)

It is apparent from the above that bulk of the onion crop is harvested from August thru to May. The augmented supplies tend to keep prices in the domestic market low thereby offering an opportunity for export. Therefore, onion exports are mainly undertaken during this period, predominantly from Sindh crop. Due to limited shelf life and absence of suitable cold storage facilities in the country, onions can not be held over an extended period and have to be disposed in the domestic and international market as fresh harvest.

Prominent Onion Varieties: There are two commercially grown varieties i.e. Pulkara and Red Sindh. In Balochistan, Sariab Red is also commercially grown. Marketing System: Onion trade is in private hands. The Government’s role is confined to physical infrastructure development especially wholesale markets&communication, market intelligence, market promotion and regulatory measures for smooth business operations.

Economic Value after Growing at a Steady Rate in the Last Decade In Pakistan Vegetable exports: The vegetables have suffered volumetric year-on-year Decrease of 40.4% in 2011-12. The drop in vegetable exports is a    consequence of natural disasters, unfair profiteering by middlemen and a change in supply and demand dynamics in the foreign markets. The significant drop in vegetable exportsis mainly because the onion crop was destroyed by floods. The major items exports of vegetables from Pakistan is potato exported 125,000 tonnes of Potato to Russia in 2010-11. The figure dropped to 15,000 tonnes in 2011-12, a decrease of well over 88%. Besides a change in supply side of the Russian vegetable market, Another reason for Pakistan’s low vegetable exports in 2011-12 is an exorbitant profit margin by middlemen and growers. Pakistan has majority of urban and rural population surviving on vegetables, Which is relishing food due to nutritive value such as vitamins, proteins, Calcium, Phosphorous, Iron, water and mineral salts. etc. In its varying climatic conditions, the vegetables grown may vary from leafy to cole crops, root vegetables to bulb or tuber crops, flower vegetables to Immature fruit vegetables, which are grown in different parts of the country. The area under vegetable cultivation excluding potato and sweet potato but including onion, garlic, chillies was 0.381 million hectors (about 1.67% of The total cropped area), producing about 4.06 million tonnes of vegetables. There is increasing demand of vegetables from rural to urban areas due to Domestic consumption directly in food either in raw or cooked form. But, vegetables have variety of uses in the preparation of pickles, chutney ketchup, soups, sauces, salads, etc. except their edible usage for cooking purposes. The vegetable cultivation in Pakistan is most probably done in different parts of the country. There is great variety of vegetables along with their edible parts such as roots, tubers, bulbs, Rhizomes, leaves, flowers and immature pods, fruits and seeds. The low quality seed is one of the major yields Constraints in vegetables grown in Pakistan. The seed producing agencies and growers both suffer a lot due to timely production and availability Of vegetable seed in the market during season. In different parts of the country, vegetables are grown in Kharif or summer and Rabi or winter seasons of the year. The Rabi vegetables are grown in cool climate Of winter season, which complete their life cycle and mature seeds in beginning of summer. Thus, the seed of Rabi vegetables is produced at the maturity time i.e., the months of April and May. whereas, the Kharif vegetables mature their seeds in the months of September and October while Kharif vegetables are grown in warm climate of summer.the vegetables of both Rabi and Kharif season are shown along with their edible parts

Rabi Vegetables (, Seed.Yield)

Kharif Vegetables (Seed, Yield) Onion 80-120 Okra 200-240 Garlic 600-800 Chillies 240-320 Cabbage 600-800 Brinjal 40-60 Cauliflower1400-1600 Squash melon 4-5 Tomato 5-10 Bitter gourd: 40-60 Peas 240-280 Sponge gourd 40-60 Radish 40-60 Round gourd 40-60 Carrot 80-120 Pumpkin 40-60 Turnip 240-280 Cluster bean 200-240 Spinach 160-200 Cow peas 280-400

Problem in Export of Vegetables in Pakistan 1. Inadequate air cargo space. 2. Higher air freight. 3. Restriction in the export. During shortage of crop export is restricted. Thus regular export is stopped. 4. Non- availability suitable variety. 5. Absence of cultivation of suitable crop varieties exclusively for export is       fresh for processing. 6. Improper packing of the produce. 7. Vegetables are packed o\in jute (undesirable). 8. Corrugated fiberboard boxes are not of enough strength and damaged in transport. 9. Cold storage facilities at all air ports. 10. in adequate handling space. 11. Inadequate research development back up. 12. No export oriented research programmed are being taken up in vegetables. 13. Quality of vegetables is not uniform. 14. Cost of vegetable washed in shorting and grading. Suggestion for improvement in Vegetable Export from Pakistan: There is need for such policy so that quality crops at competitive price are available regularly in market. Following are Suggestion: 1Long term and consistent export policy, Avoid frequent change in    export policy.

2. Exclusive production of different vegetable for different season in suitable packets be arranged t have regular supply throughout the year at competitive price without affecting domestic supply.

3. Enough quality control control measures should be made.

4. Regular assessment for international market.

5. Suitable diversification for export both in term of countries and commodities for increasing quality and value.

6. Identity suitable pocket for growing different vegetables.

7. Develop agro technique and fro integrated nutrient, P and D management, organic farming etc.

8. Production and distribution of quality seed in adequate qualities be arranged.

9. Pre-cooling and cold storage facilities are increased.

10. Ventilated and temperature controlled, storage and transport facilities are necessary.

11. Packing material. 12. Export promotion programme be carried out in other countries to prove superiority of taste, flavor of Indian Products.