User:Akbugday/Climate change in egypt

Climate change in Egypt
Climate change is causing Egypt’s already hot and arid climate to experience environmental stresses including extreme temperatures, droughts, floods, and sea level rise. These extreme conditions will have significant impacts on the lives of Egyptians resulting in food insecurity, water scarcity, and economic destabilization.

Egypt is located on the northeast of the continent of Africa. The population was 102.3 million in 2020 and is projected to grow to 159.9 million by 2050. Egypt is one of the countries most affected by the extreme weather conditions caused by climate change. Despite experiencing some of the most significant impacts of climate change, Egypt has not been a primary contributor of the greenhouse gasses that have caused climate change. Egypt accounts for only 0.71% of global greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Egypt signed and ratified the Paris Agreement, as well as, submitted a nationally determined contribution (NDC) which sets priority areas as sustainability of agriculture, water resources, the environment, energy, and land management.

Temperature and weather changes
Egypt's climate is hot, dry, and dominated by desert. Egypt has a hot summer from May to October and a mild winter from November to April. In the desert, summer temperatures can range from a high of 43°C (109°F) during the day to 7°C (45°F) at night and winter temperatures range from 18°C (64°F) to 0°C (32°F). The coast is more mild with temperatures ranging from a high of 30°C (86°F) in the winter to a low of 14°C (57°F)  in the winter.

Between the years 2000 to 2020, average temperature in Egypt increased by 0.38°C per decade, a temperature increase that is higher than the world average. The projected future warming rates in the MENA region range between 0.2°C per decade and 0.5°C per decade. In addition, the magnitude and duration of heat waves is expected to increase. Extreme temperatures are expected to be especially prevalent in specific locations in Egypt, such as South Sinai and Aswan.

Egypt has been ranked as one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change but only 63rd for being most prepared for climate change. Egypt's increase in average temperature over the past two decades has resulted in an increase in energy needs for cooling that will only continue to increase with further warming in the coming decades. Increasing temperatures also contribute to increasing desertification, increased drying of the Nile River, decreasing precipitation, rising sea levels, and increasing flash floods.

Agriculture
Even without the impacts of climate change, Egypt's arid climate makes it vulnerable for water scarcity and food scarcity. Most of Egypt does not receive much rain, thus all of its agricultural production is around the Nile River. The population of Egypt is increasing, like it is in most of the region, and therefore will require more food and water. Agriculture is important to the Egyptian economy, making up 11.3% of the GDP and providing 28% of jobs. However, climate change is creating challenges for the agricultural sector. One concern is decreasing crop production. Due to heat stress, water stress, and salinity, food crop yields are projected to decline by 10% by 2050. The crops with the largest yield declines are expected to be maize, sugar crops, and fruits and vegetables.

Egypt is dependent on global markets for wheat imports and food security. Egypt consumes 20.5 million tonnes of wheat a year, half of which is produced domestically with the remaining half supplied from imports. However, wheat yields in Egypt are expected to reduce nearly 20% by 2060. Other impacts include reduced water availability, increased pests and diseases, and a shorter growing period in some places. Prices for imported food will increase as a result of climate change due to global declines in crop production. Higher food prices will also reduce demand for Egypt’s agricultural exports. Hotter temperatures and increased drought will impact livestock, including cows and chickens. Heat and water stress reduces milk yield and quality, egg yield, and animals’ reproductive capacity. Given increases in the human populations and decreases in milk production, models predict that milk availability will decrease by 40 kg per person by 2064. Together, these climate change impacts on agriculture will threaten food security in Egypt.

Nile River
The Nile River is the main source of water and key sources of transportation and hydroelectric power. More than 95% of Egypt’s freshwater resources come from the Nile River. Egypt is considered a downstream country because the source of the Nile, and most of the water that contributes to it, comes from outside Egypt’s borders. The Nile flows 4,100 miles beginning in Lake Victoria (located between Uganda, Tanzania, and Kenya) and emptying into the Mediterranean sea. For thousands of years, the Nile has been critical for Egypt's agricultural sector and currently 95% of the Egyptian population live along it. The Nile is very sensitive to changes in precipitation. The amount of flash floods that occur on the Nile have increased in recent years due to climate change. Egypt's first National Developed Contributions plan, a necessity due to their engagement in COP27 and the Paris Climate Accord, estimates that sea levels could rise around the Nile Delta by over 3.5 feet by 2080-2100. In April 2018, Greater Cairo was flooded by higher rates of rainfall than usual which caused power outages that lasted nearly a day. In March of 2020, high rainfall combined with winds in North-Eastern Egyptian cities destroyed electricity lines. Many of Egypt's current sources of energy could be greatly affected by the increased flooding of the Nile River and rising sea levels.

Water Scarcity
A growing population and increasing use of water for irrigation in the agricultural sector have put a strain on Egypt's water supply. Egypt currently has an annual water deficit of about 7 billion cubic meters. Climate change is exponentially worsening this issue. Higher temperatures, decreasing precipitation rates, and droughts are straining water supply further. Disruptions to weather patterns and precipitation due to climate change will further reduce Egypt's already minimal rainfall. Water scarcity will not only decrease the amount of drinking water, but also have negative impacts on the economy, agricultural sector, child mortality rates, and overall public health. As temperatures increase due to climate change crops will require more water, leading to more strain on the already reducing water supply. The length of growing seasons will shorten because of the increasing evaporation of water which will also decrease the food supply. The decrease in the food supply will thus increase the cost of food raising the rates of food insecurity all across Egypt; a country in which 30% of its citizens live under the poverty line.

Sea level rise
Egypt's northern border lies along the Mediterranean coast which will experience sea level rise. In Egypt, 39% of installed gas and 7% of oil power plant capacity are in low-elevation areas that are vulnerable to sea level rise. Alexandria is the second largest city in Egypt, with a population of 5 million people, is one of the most vulnerable to climate change. The Intergovernmental Panel of the UN estimates that sea level rise there could be as high as 68cm by the year 2050. Buildings will collapse and the surrounding farmland will be exposed to salty sea water. Alexandria also has a problem of pollution coming from Lake Mariout, which combines with Al Max. The water has been polluted with metals and pesticides. It comes from sewage and waste from industrial activity.

Ecosystems
Water resources can be protected through mitigating measures in many circumstances but not in the case of the Nile River and its deltas. Lake Burullus is the second largest second largest shallow lagoon connected to the Nile Delta. It has been a nationally protected area since 1998 and takes up an area of 42,000 hectares. Located between the Damietta and Rosetta branches of the Nile and is used to receive large quantities of agricultural drainage water. A large amount of fish are also caught in the river. Lake Burullus is extremely sensitive, like most of the Nile, to changing climatic conditions. Water quality of the lake is likely to be very effected by climate change. Climate change is likely to increase the amount of water in the lake, mostly coming from the sea, increasing its salinity. Lake Qaran and Lake Manzallah have been the victims of high levels of water evaporation and increases in salinity due to climate change. Red swamp crayfish, an invasive species have entered the Nile River tributaries due to climate change. This is because the change in the chemical properties of the river have made it the perfect place for this species to live. Invasive species entering alien environments due to climate change are very dangerous to the environment and to native species.

Economic Impacts
Climate change will have severe negative impacts on the agriculture sector of the Egyptian economy. It will also affect other sections of the economy, including the ceramic industry. The Egyptian ceramic industry is the biggest in continental Africa. Climate change weather patterns and flooding is disrupting the industry. Ceramics are a clay based industry and thus is very sensitive to increased amounts of water.

Tourism
Tourism accounts for 10-15% of Egypt’s economy. Since tourism is influenced by weather conditions and the environment, climate change is going to have a significant impact on the tourism industry. The number of tourists visiting Egypt is projected to decline about 20% by 2060. Coastal tourism is especially dependent on the environment, and thus will be greatly affected by climate change. Sea level rise as a result of climate change is expected to reduce the amount of beaches, damage coastal infrastructure, and reduce the appeal of tourist destinations. Temperatures may also increase to an extent that will be unsuitable for vacationers.

Health
Children will be profoundly impacted by climate change despite contributing to it the least. By 2050, child mortality in Egypt is projected to increase by around 2.3%, even if the Paris target of limiting the global temperature increase to 1.5°C is met. In higher warming scenarios, child mortality is expected to increase even more. Extreme weather events and floods can damage crucial infrastructure, such as water and sanitation. Lack of access to clean water can lead to many diseases that put children particularly at risk, including cholera. Children are also more vulnerable than adults to to toxic substances, such as lead and other pollutants, that can be in untreated water. Heat stress and increased particulate matter concentrations will also have negative health impacts, and may result in about 2,000-5,000 more deaths a year.

Housing
It is expected that nearly 6 million Egyptian people will be displaced due to flooding as a result of sea level rise. In a one-meter sea level rise scenario, 7 cities and 30 towns will be affected and 35,500 acres of urban land and 920,000 acres of agricultural land will be at risk for flooding.

Mitigation
Similar to much of the Middle East, Egypt receives a lot of sunlight and has high wind speeds making it a great place to build renewable energy plants. Unlike most countries in the Middle East though, Egypt is large in landmass. Egypt joined the Paris Climate Accord, and had its first NDC completed in 2017. However, the NDC was properly updated in 2022. The NDC's financial needs are currently set at $50 Billion in order to complete its sustainability goals. They are set on a sectoral level, reducing Green-House Gases by 33% in electricity, 65% in oil and gas, and 7% in transportation. In 2022, they also released a National Climate Change Strategy. The NCCS has 4 main aims. The first is the analysis of strengths and weaknesses of Egypt's climate change adaptability. Its goal is to achieve sustainable economic growth across its economy. It also emphasizes the importance of governance, improvements in infrastructure, technology, research, and general management capabilities. The NCCS has 22 sub-targets, some of the most important are the preservation of state assets, the ecosystem, and an emphasis on women's equality. This is because women are disproportionately affected by climate change processes, specifically in rural areas with lower rates of education. The goals of the agricultural sector are to protect land, build technology that can warn farmers of dangerous conditions or lessening water supply, promote "intercropping", and increase livestock production. The transportation sector is the largest contributor to Egypt's GHG emissions and is looking to engage in electrification. In 2016, Egypt received 100 new electric buses to service greater Cairo financed by the international community and subsequent international organizations such as the World Bank.

Egypt has utilized a command and control system. This means that the government is fining businesses who do not comply with GHG emission policies. However, this has led to little progress as businesses have found it more in their interest to accept the penalty rather than adjust their operation to fit national climate needs. Currently, renewable energy only makes up between 8-9% of energy production, with natural gas leading the way. However, "total installed wind and solar power generation capacity has increased by 340 percent from 887 MegaWatts from 2015-2016 to 3,016 MegaWatts from 2019-2020." Recently Egypt has engaged in new projects to increase renewable energy such as the Benban Solar Park, Assuit Hydropower plant, Kom Ombo Solar power plant, Gabal El-Zeit wind power plant and the Al-Dabaa Nuclear power plant.

Adaptation
Egypt launched a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) in 2011. The purpose of the project is to reduce vulnerability to climate change by equipping the government with information on climate risks and help with implementing adaptation planning. Current initiatives are managed under the National Climate Change Strategy 2050 (NCCS) that was created in 2022 as a reference document that consolidates all aspects of climate change. The 5 priorities listed in the document are sustainable economic growth, improving resilience to climate change, enhancing climate action governance, enhancing climate financing infrastructure, and enhancing research, technology, and awareness. For the implementation of climate adaptation plans, the government has financial support from SCALA and the Green Climate Fund (GCF). Also, USAID provides assistance programs that support small businesses, especially those owned by women, and helps them improve resilience to climate change impacts.

Activism
In 2022, Egypt hosted COP 27 talks. At COP27, UNICEF promoted the idea that climate change should be recognized as a crisis for the rights and wellbeing of children. They also did this in order to increase children's participation in climate mitigation processes. However, there were questions about the selection of Egypt as a host, due to concerns about Egypts human rights and environmental policies. While COP 27 was taking place, there were protests taking place throughout Egypt about climate issues. Some of these protests were calling for climate reparations and demanding that wealthy, developed countries largely responsible for climate change pay developing countries for the consequences of climate change they will disproportionately deal with.