User:Alastair Haines/Testbench

Hijra (South Asia)

 * The Myth of God Incarnate


 * "They certainly castrate themselves, and then cease to wear man's garb; they don women's raiment and perform women's tasks."
 * — Lucian of Samosata, De Dea Syria 27, translation by Herbert Augustus Strong with notes by John Garstang (1913): pp. 65–66.


 * monographs
 * Ahmed, Mona and Dayanita Singh (photographer) (2001). Myself Mona Ahmed. Scalo Publishers. [popular]
 * Malloy, Ruth Lor (1997). [ Hijras: Who We Are] by Meena Balaji and other eunuchs as told to Ruth Lor Malloy. Think Asia. [popular]
 * Gannon, Shane Patrick. Translating the Hijra: the symbolic reconstruction of the British Empire in India. PhD Thesis. University of Alberta, 2009.
 * Jaffrey, Zia (1996). The Invisibles: a tale of the eunuchs of India. Pantheon Books. [history, academic]
 * Nanda, Serena (1990). Neither Man nor Woman: the hijras of India. Wadsworth Publishing.
 * Reddy, Gayatri (2005). With respect to sex: negotiating hijra identity in South India. Worlds of Desire: the Chicago series on sexuality, gender, and culture. University of Chicago Press. [academic]
 * Sharma, Satish Kumar (1989). Hijras: the labelled deviants. New Delhi: Gian Publishing House. [academic, index record only]
 * essays
 * Boureille, Claude (1998). "Transsexualism or Transcendence Unattainable". Pages 291–300 in Mary Ann Mattoon (ed.). Destruction and creation: personal and cultural transformations. Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Congress for Analytical Psychology, Florence. Trans. from French by Martine Nagy. Daimon.
 * Carstairs, G. Morris (1956).
 * Carstairs, G. Morris (1957).
 * Carstairs, G. Morris (1962).
 * Cohen, Lawrence (1995).
 * Hall, Kira (1997).
 * Hall, Kira and O'Donovan (2006).
 * Lal, Vinay (1999). "Not This, Not That: the hijras of India and the cultural politics of sexuality". Social Text 16: 119–140.
 * Lal, Vinay (2003).
 * Lynton and Rajan (1974). [history]
 * Opler, Morris E. (1960). "The Hijara (Hermaphrodites) of India and Indian National Character: a rejoinder". American Anthropologist New Series 62: 505–511. [letter to editor]
 * Opler, Morris E. (1961). "Further Comparative Notes on the Hijarā of India". American Anthropologist New Series 63: 1331–1332.
 * Preston, Lawrence W. (1987). "A Right to Exist: eunuchs and the state in nineteenth-century India". Modern Asian Studies 21: 371–387. [history, abstract only]
 * Reddy, Gayatri (2003). "'Men' who would be Kings: celibacy, emasculation, and the re-production of hijras in contemporary Indian politics—gender identity, social stigma, and political corruption". Social Research 70: 163–200.

Gender of God

 * Roland M. Frye, "Language for God and Feminist Language: Problems and Principles", Scottish Journal of Theology 41 (1988): 441–470.
 * Alf Hiltebeitel and Kathleen M. Erndl, Is the goddess a feminist?: the politics of South Asian goddesses, (New York University Press, 2000).

Coup de grâce

 * "Goldberg's theory of patriarchy and male dominance is proven in that there has never yet been a society in which women normally held all the most senior posts or filled most high status non-maternal roles."
 * — Catherine Hakim, Key Issues in Women's Work: female diversity and the polarisation of women's employment, 2nd ed., Contemporary Issues in Public Policy, (Routledge Cavendish, 2004), p. 7. [Emphasis added.]

old stuff
This user asserts his moral rights regarding past, present and future contributions to the Wikipedia project under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, from the legal jurisdiction of Australian law (Copyright Act 1968 – Sect 195AJ). The Wikimedia Foundation, as licensor of Alastair's contributions, acknowledges its obligations to uphold his moral rights, answerable to Australian law, as per Section 4(d) of the license. Except as otherwise agreed in writing by the Licensor or as may be otherwise permitted by applicable law, if You Reproduce, Distribute or Publicly Perform the Work either by itself or as part of any Adaptations or Collections, You must not distort, mutilate, modify or take other derogatory action in relation to the Work which would be prejudicial to the Original Author's honor or reputation. Licensor agrees that in those jurisdictions (e.g. Japan), in which any exercise of the right granted in Section 3(b) of this License (the right to make Adaptations) would be deemed to be a distortion, mutilation, modification or other derogatory action prejudicial to the Original Author's honor and reputation, the Licensor will waive or not assert, as appropriate, this Section, to the fullest extent permitted by the applicable national law, to enable You to reasonably exercise Your right under Section 3(b) of this License (right to make Adaptations) but not otherwise. [Emphasis added.] In ordinary language: Wikipedia is not virtual reality, especially when dealing with editors who guarantee their good faith by using their real life identities. So address content, not editors, assume good faith if editors must be addressed, and certainly no personal attacks: Wiki's policies are higher standards than any copyright law, as they must and ought to be. For nearly all real work in this project, editors' opinions are irrelevant: transcription of the opinions of reliable sources is all that matters, like 'em or not. The NPOV is inclusionist.


 * User:Alastair Haines/Kaldari


 * "in all mammals, including humans, female is the default condition."
 * "normal XX embryos proceed along a default path toward becoming female in body, brain, and behavior, whereas normal XY embryos masculinize themselves by producing androgens both prenatally and then again right after birth (the second surge), thereby proceeding along the path to becoming physiologically and behaviorally male."
 * — Dennis McFadden, "What Do Sex, Twins, Spotted Hyenas, ADHD, and Sexual Orientation Have in Common?", Perspectives on Psychological Science 3 (2008): 309–323.


 * "Naked mole-rats are small rodents native to Africa that exhibit the most extreme form of cooperative breeding in a mammal. They are, in fact, considered to be eusocial, a term originally used to describe social insects."
 * "The diversity of social organizations within the Bathyergids allows for the opportunity to test the association between sexual dimorphism and degree of sociality, as species range from eusocial to solitary."
 * "Our findings support a relationship between social structure, mating system, and sexual differentiation."
 * — Seney ML, Kelly DA, Goldman BD, Šumbera R, Forger NG (2009), "Social Structure Predicts Genital Morphology in African Mole-Rats", PLoS ONE 4(10): e7477. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007477


 * User:Alastair Haines/CR basics
 * User:Alastair Haines/Adamantius (journal)

excursus

 * "Patriarchy has God on its side." — Kate Millett, Sexual Politics, PhD thesis, (Columbia University, 1969), p. 51.
 * "The women's movement errs when it dismisses the Bible as inconsequential or condemns it as enslaving." — Phyllis Trible, "Depatriarchalizing in Biblical Interpretation", Journal of the American Academy of Religion 41 (1973): 41.
 * "Trible challenges the assumptions of the first wave of feminist criticism, refuting Kate Millett's claim." — Ilana Pardes, Countertraditions in the Bible: a feminist approach, (Harvard University Press, 1993), p. 20.

Legal footnote

 * "Defamation is the publication of material, which is likely to injure the reputation of a person by making them the subject of hatred, ridicule or contempt. It also includes material that would lower the estimation of a person in the eyes of others or cause people to shun or avoid them.
 * Defamatory material may be published in things like reports, articles, letters, notes, pictures and oral utterances."
 * "In most [Austalian] states cases involving statements regarding criminal offences, contagious diseases, unchastity, adultery or unfitness for a profession there maybe no need to show economic loss suffered. In the state of NSW there is no need to show special damages." [Emphasis added.]
 * "The court will award costs in favor of the winning party, which means that the majority of the winning party's fees are the responsibility of the losing party."
 * Source: Gerard Malouf Partners (GMP)


 * Schedule 6 to Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005 (NSW)
 * Originating process may be served outside Australia in relation to the following circumstances:
 * (d) if the proceedings are founded on a tort committed in New South Wales,
 * (e) if the proceedings, wholly or partly, are founded on, or are for the recovery of damages in respect of, damage suffered in New South Wales caused by a tortious act or omission wherever occurring
 * See also Justin Hogan-Doran, "Enforcing Australian judgments in the United States (and vice versa): how the long arm of Australian courts reaches across the Pacific", Australian Law Journal 80/6 (2006): 361-386.
 * Justin Hogan-Doran was a serving member of Australian Army Special Forces (Commandos) and is currently a part-time legal officer in the Australian Army Legal Corps, posted to the Australian Defence Force Military Law Centre at Randwick Barracks.


 * Referral from Law Society of NSW

Stuff

 * Typological Studies in Language


 * "As is now almost universally accepted by informed Indological scholarship, a re-examination of early Buddhist historical material, ..., necessitates a redating of the Buddha's death to between 411 and 400 BCE ."
 * Paul Dundas, The Jains, 2nd edition, (Routledge, 2001), p. 24.


 * User:Alastair Haines/Dispute resolution protocol


 * User:Alastair Haines/Editcounter

Template:Generic tag


 * Some amazing invective:


 * "Protectionist and retrograde, the argument was a godsend for a trick of the bazaar that needed strength of numbers. False opposition between women's abilities and concepts of excellence opened the floodgates to self-assertive levels of amateurism. These now carry the imprimatur of a one of the city's major museums."


 * "Exaggerated grievances and fantasied matriarchal utopias were titillating for a privileged generation of Western women free to play at trouncing the male gaze. But that was in another century. Now, the jihadist gaze surveys us all. Expect the Sackler Center, with the 1970s on perpetual wake, to keep aiming at red herrings."


 * — Maureen Mularky, "An Unsatisfying Dinner", The New York Sun, March 22, 2007.

Test
Richard Lederer Thora van Male Keith Hall Madeleine McDonald Edmund Conti David Galef Ed Rosenberg Fred R. Shapiro A. H. Block Barry Baldwin Mat Coward Nick Humez Ron Kaplan Sarah Bunting Schleifer Douglas G. Wilson Richard Lederer Robert M. Rennick Simon Darragh Susan Elkin Craig Conley Mark Peters Greg Eskenazi Edmund Conti Barry Baldwin Mat Coward Nick Humez Jessy Randall Tony Percy J. J. Davis Nicholas Meyer David R. Galef David Isaacson Florence Ginzbursky Martin Gani Larry Tritten Clare Passingham Edmund Conti Jim Veihdeffer Annette Basalyga

Hmmm...

 * "Another example, also coming from Russell, shows how impredicative properties can potentially lead to problems reminiscent of the liar paradox. Suppose that we suggest the definition
 * A typical Englishman is one who possesses all the properties possessed by a majority of Englishmen.
 * It is clear that most Englishmen do not possess all the properties that most Englishmen possess. Therefore, a typical Englishman, according to this definition, should be untypical. The problem, according to Russell, is that the word "typical" has been defined by a reference to all properties and has been treated as itself a property."
 * — Thierry Coquand (2006). "Type theory". In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.


 * What happens if we change the example?
 * A typical man is one who possesses all the properties possessed by a majority of men.
 * A typical woman is one who possesses all the properties possessed by a majority of women.
 * Indeed, it is true that such definitions are uncompelling, as regularly pointed out in some kinds of abstract theorising about gender. (Philosophically speaking, they are effectively category errors). But this is a "paper tiger" of a definition, not an accurate presentation of either common sense, nor of scientific study of sexual dimorphism in Homo sapiens.


 * Russell's original discussion takes William Pitt as an example, and comes from a series of talks titled "An inquiry into meaning and truth" (presented at Harvard University as the 1940 William James lectures, published in December that year by George Allen & Unwin in London). He also discusses the same example in My Philosophical Development (1959).


 * "Our results suggest that the problem of sexual dimorphism of the corpus callosum is very complex, because the identical variables (section surface area or its perimeter) do not exhibit the same behavior in males and in females, implicating that these variables even cannot be simply compared between the sexes."
 * — G. Spasojević, Z. Stojanović, D. Suscević and S. Malobabić, "Sexual dimorphism of the human corpus callosum—digital morphometric study", Vojnosanitetski pregled 63/11 (2006): 933–938. [official translation of abstract, ISSN: 0042-8450]


 * Mitchell, Brian P. (1998). Women in the military: flirting with disaster. Regnery Publishing. ISBN 0895263769
 * Stevens, Alan M. and A. Ed Schmidgall Tellings (2004). A comprehensive Indonesian-English dictionary. Ohio University Press. ISBN 0821415840

Invariance principle (of metaphor)



 * Lakoff and Turner: "conventional mental images are structured by image-schemas and that image-metaphors preserve image-schematic structure, mapping parts onto parts and wholes onto wholes, containers onto containers, paths onto paths, and so on. The generalization would be that all metaphors are invariant with respect to their cognitive topology, that is, each metaphorical mapping preserves image-schema structure."


 * "In view of the worship of Aravan by eunuchs in the Kuttantavar cult, exclusion of the penis encourages some restraint in defining all of this as 'castration imagery,' although such an interpretation is eventually unavoidable." Draupadi: 327


 * Sarasvati Mahal Library, Thanjavur


 * Nice review of Alvin Plantinga by George Hughes


 * "Our results suggest that the problem of sexual dimorphism of the corpus callosum is very complex, because the identical variables (section surface area or its perimeter) do not exhibit the same behavior in males and in females, implicating that these variables even cannot be simply compared between the sexes."
 * — G. Spasojević, Z. Stojanović, D. Suscević and S. Malobabić, "Sexual dimorphism of the human corpus callosum—digital morphometric study", Vojnosanitetski pregled 63/11 (2006): 933–938. [official translation of abstract, ISSN: 0042-8450]

Non-montonic anaphora hypothesis
The non-monotonic anaphora hypothesis (NAH)


 * "Linkhood (marked by L+H* accent in English) serves to signal non-monotonic anaphora. If an expression is a link, then its discourse referent Y is anaphoric to an antecedent discourse referent X such that X > Y."


 * Levan Khavtasi, "[ Extending Focus Theories]: Particles in Focus", 2000.
 * Herman Hendriks, "Grammar and Interpretation of Information Structure", 1999.


 * Jackendorff's structured meaning semantics

Too good to be true?
Ravi Zacharias quotes Henry Parry Liddon's free translation (in Bampton Lectures 1866, p. 147–48) of a probably apocryphal conversation, claimed to have been conducted between Generals Bonaparte, Bertrand and Montholon at St Helena. Liddon's sources appear to be parts of the alleged conversation published in Christoph Ernst Luthardt, Apologetische Vorträge, pp. 234, 293 and M. le Pasteur Bersier, Sermons, p. 334. The conversation was also later published in X and Y. However, Generals Bertrand and Montholon both denied the alleged conversation took place, Bertrand in his preface to Title and Montholon in a letter to Beauterne. "J'ai lu avec un vif intérêt votre brochure: Sentiment de Napoléon sur la Divinité de Jésus-Christ, et je ne pense pas qu'il soit possible de mieux exprimer les croyances religieuses de l'empereur." Monsieur de Montholon, Ham, 30 May 1841.


 * And something from the New York Times, 1915.

However, Balzac gives us, from the printed words of Napoleon, "The greatest republican is Jesus Christ." Republican, here, must be understood in the sense of the French revolutionary usage.


 * Also "Everything in this world proclaims the existence of God." Maxims de Napole/on. (early in text, Fr orig prob online)

Napoleonic campaigns

 * "I would rather fight an alliance than be part of one." Napoléon {original source?}
 * Likewise Tipu Sultan v Arthur Wellesley in Mysore, "Wellesley neutralized the nizam by getting him to sign a subsidiary alliance that compelled the nizam to replace his French detachments and the French officers commanding native troops with British equivalents, and which forbade the nizam from corresponding with the peshwa without British consent. Although the Marathas, torn by rivalries and factional infighting, were no threat to his designs against Tipu, Wellesley ensured their neutrality by promising them a share in the spoils of war. Only then did Wellesley turn to Tipu and demand his submission, knowing full well that Tipu would rather fight than submit." Ranbir Vohra, The Making of India: A Historical Survey, 2nd ed., (ME Sharpe, 2000), p. 57.

First Italian campaign (1796)
 * Montenotte, 12 April
 * Millesimo, 13 April
 * Dego, 14–15 April
 * Mondovì, 21 April
 * Armistice of Cherasco, 28 April (Sardinia and Piedmont surrender)
 * Battle of Fombio, 8 May
 * Battle of Lodi, 10 May
 * Treaty of Milan (Lombardy surrenders)
 * Battle of Lonato
 * Battle of Castiglioni
 * Rovereto
 * Battle of Primolomo
 * Bassano

Evidence

 * "It is the publication, not the composition of a libel, which is the actionable wrong." Lee v Wilson & Mackinnon [1934] HCA 60; (1934) 51 CLR 276 at 287 per Dixon J.
 * 54. "... the spectre ... of a publisher forced to consider every article it publishes on the World Wide Web against the defamation laws of every country from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe is seen to be unreal when it is recalled that in all except the most unusual of cases, identifying the person about whom material is to be published will readily identify the defamation law to which that person may resort."
 * Regarding dismissal of Dow Jones' appeal. "The appeal concerns issues that commonly arise where a non-resident foreign party seeks a stay, or the setting aside, of process that brings it involuntarily before an Australian court." cf. John Pfeiffer Pty Ltd v Rogerson [2000] HCA 36; (2000) 203 CLR 503 at 562

Etymology
The name "Irian" was suggested by an indiginous Papuan, Frans Kaisiepo, at the Malino Conference (17–25 July 1946, which ended in the Malino Declaration). It is a Biak language word, attested in the poetic prose of Kumeseri, one of the nl:Manarmakeri stories. Kumeseri (the Morning Star) gives Manarmakeri (an ordinary villager) the gift of bringing peace. He leaves the island of Irian to gather support for his Messianic return. As originally conceived, the name "Irian" was intended to evoke association with a local legend of peace being brought to the island with the aid of friends from across the sea. It was not anti-Dutch, but it was pro-Indonesian.


 * Nieuws uit Indonesië, de conferentie van Malino. Newsreel.
 * Kumeseri identified in K. R. Howe, Robert C. Kiste, and Brij V. Lal, Tides of History: The Pacific Islands in the Twentieth Century, (University of Hawaii Press, 1994).
 * Manarmakeri discussed in Freerk Ch. Kamma, De Messiaanse Koréri-bewegingen in het Biaks-Noemfoorse cultuurgebied. 2. druk, (Den Haag: Jacob N. Voorhoeve, 1954).

Supercessionism
Supersessionism and replacement theology are modern terms for a particular understanding of part of the New Testament. A supersessionist understanding sees God's relationship with Christians as replacing his prior relationship with Jews. It is the belief that God's relationship with the Jewish people has thus been terminated that is the contentious element of supersessionism. Although the terminology is modern, the related ideas are as old as the New Testament documents, and the earliest commentators on those documents.

It is important to note that the term supersessionism seems to arise more frequently in modern discourse in contexts critical of perceived Christian beliefs, rather than out of Christian attempts to articulate their own understanding of the New Testament. A more typical Christian attempt to describe the New Testament teaching in this area is gentile inclusion, without consideration of Jewish exclusion (which is simply not an issue for most Christians). Although modern Christians (nearly all of whom are gentiles) naturally believe in gentile inclusion, they are divided in their understanding of whether the New Testament teaches Jewish exclusion.

"To state categorically that there can be no biological component would seem to be foolish. We do not know yet how male hormones (acting indeed before birth and the possibility of different socialization) may affect the male psyche. But that there might be a biological component does not lead me to conclude that men then should do what is 'natural' to them, for there must be complementarity between the sexes. It makes me think that humanity is faced with a deeper problem than we knew." Margaret Daphne Hampson, Theology and Feminism, (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1990), p. x. "No woman should be authorized to stay at home and raise her children. ... Women should not have that choice, precisely because if there is such a choice, too many women will make that one." Simone de Beauvoir, 'Sex, Society, and the Female Dilemma', Saturday Review June 14, 1975. Once we abandon the concept of women as historical victims, acted upon by violent men, inexplicable "forces," and societal institutions, we must explain the central puzzlewoman's participation in the construction of the system that subordinates her. I suggest that abandoning the search for an empowering past—the search for matriarchy—is the first step in the right direction. The creation of compensatory myths of the distant past of women will not emancipate women in the present and the future.
 * Interesting quote:
 * Nicholas Davidson, The Failure of Feminism, (Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books, 1988). 350 p. ISBN 0879754087
 * Melvin Konner, The Tangled Wing: Biological Constraints on the Human Spirit, 2nd edition, revised and updated, (Owl Books, 2003). 560p. ISBN 0805072799 [first published 1982, Endnotes]
 * George F. Gilder, Men and Marriage, 2nd edition, (Pelican Publishers, 1986). 219p. ISBN 0882894447
 * William N. Stevens, The Family in Cross-Cultural Perspective, (University Press of America, 1982). 476p. ISBN 0819122637
 * Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986).
 * User:Alastair Haines/Draft Guideline
 * User:Alastair Haines/Draft Bible synopsis
 * User:Alastair Haines/Κουρόβ
 * User:Alastair Haines/Misandry sources
 * "The compiling of feminist dictionaries and guidelines to non-sexist usage goes very much against the spirit of descriptive linguistics since Saussure, which has outlawed any kind of prescriptive remodelling of language." — Kenneth Knowles Ruthven, Feminist Literary Studies: An Introduction, (Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 68.

Genesis
Ashok Kamte * Sandeep Unnikrishnan * Vijay Salaskar * Hemant Karkare
 * א|ב|ג|ד|ה|ו|ז|ח|ט|י|כ|ך|ל|מ|נ|ס|ע|פ|צ|ץ|ק|ר|ש|ת


 * JBP More, "Tipu Sultan and the Christians", Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 14 (2003): 313–324.
 * François Gautier
 * Hindu Vivek Kendra
 * User talk:Alastair Haines/Indic studies

devanagari
"The Sanskrit language, whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure; more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more refined than either, yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity, both in the roots of verbs and in the forms of grammar, than could possibly have been produced by accident." — William Jones, "The third anniversary discourse", Asiatick Society of Bengal, 2 February, 1786. Transcript, chapter 25 in Asiatick Researches (Calcutta, 1788; London, 1801), p. 422.