User:Alcarazleo99/sandbox

Contemporary Globalization

Over the past four decades contemporary globalization has spread rapidly with the expansion of capitalism and neoliberal ideologies on a global scale. The implementation of neoliberal policies have allowed for the privatization of public industry, deregulation of laws or policies that interfered with the free flow of the market, as well as cut backs to governmental social services. These neoliberal policies were introduced to many developing countries in the form of structural adjustment programs (SAPs) by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Through these programs, a country receiving monetary aid would have to open it's markets to capitalism, free trade, and allow the free movement of giant multinational corporations. These programs allowed the World Bank and the IMF to become global financial market regulators that would promote neoliberalism and the creation of free markets for multinational corporations on a global scale. Often times a country would be resistant towards embracing neoliberal ideologies which occurred in Latin America in the 1970s, resulting in U.S intervention and overthrow of socialist President of Chile Salvador Allende and replaced him with President Augusto Pinochet. President Augusto Pinochet was a dictator that forcefully implemented neoliberal policies on Chile allowing a small group of wealth individuals to become super rich in a short period of time racking up debt and hyperinflation eventually creating an economic crash in 1982 that would then be bailed out using public funds.

Gender and Globalization

Globalization has been a gendered process where giant multinational manufacturing corporations have moved production to low-wage, low skilled, quota free economies like the ready made Garmin industry in Bangladesh where poor women of color make up the majority of the labor force. Despite a large proportion of women workers in the Garmin industry, women are still heavily underemployed compared to men. Most women that are employed in the Garmin industry come from the countryside of Bangladesh which are poor young single mothers. It is still unclear as to whether or not access to paid work for women where it didn't exist before has empowered them. The answers vary depending on whether it is the employers perspective or the workers and how they view their choices. Women workers do not see the Garmin industry as economically sustainable for them in the long run due to long hours standing and poor working conditions. Although women workers did show significant autonomy over their personal lives including their ability to negotiate with family, more choice in marriage, and being valued as a wage earner in the family. Although, this did not translate in workers being able to collective organize themselves in order to negotiate a better income for themselves at work.

Another area where women have made up the global feminization of labor is in the Maquiladora industry. Women in the maquila industry have produced high levels of turnover rates not staying long enough to be trained in comparison to men. Women are seen as being untrainable, placed in un-skilled, low wage jobs simply because they are women while men are seen as more trainable with less turnover rates, and placed in more high skilled technical jobs simply because they are men. The idea of training has become a tool used against women to blame them for their high turnover rates. Women's high turnover rates have been caused by low wages, horrible working conditions, sexual harassment in the workplace and long hours at work. Women have become easily disposable because their value is rooted in their ability to remain docile, and not become pregnant since these things would slow down productivity and get in the way of profit making.

In the article “Gender and Development”, it seeks to address the ways in which women have played an increasing role in development through different theoretical approaches such as women in development (WID), women and development (WAD), gender and development (GAD) and neoliberal frameworks (Para 1). In my analysis of the article, I will provide a critique of how well it has been developed, if it's missing information or if the information is relevant. I will analyze the article's talk page behind the scenes of the article making sure the writers are taking a neutral stance on the topics discussed and not heavily biased towards a particular viewpoint. I will also analyze the articles use of citations making sure they are reliable sources and or making sure the links provided are active. Through my analysis of the article I hope to develop the skills needed to contribute to an article towards the end of the Fall semester.

Gender and Development

During my analysis of the article on gender and development I couldn't help but notice a missing dialogue on the important role that globalization played in the concept of “development”. As discussed in my Women Studies 580 class, the destruction caused by World War II led to the creation of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund which played an important role in loaning countries money to help them reconstruct their economies. These two organizations would later play an important role in the creation and enforcement of neoliberal ideologies which was the idea of creating “free markets” worldwide. Ironically, after World War II there was a tremendous interest to define “development” through GNP, GDP, and PPP. In defining development in this way it allowed dominant countries to identify which one's were developed and which one's needed “help” through globalization and embracing neoliberal ideologies. Also, in defining development in this way lead to the creation of “first world and third world countries” to highlight a countries superiority or inferiority. This was the type of information which I felt was missing in the article since the focus of the article was on the role that NGOs played such WID, WAD, and GAD. I'm not saying that NGO's did not play an important role in gender and development all I'm saying is that the article is missing a discussion on the role that globalization played on gender and development. Also much of the information I felt was scattered and not relevant to the article which made It difficult to keep up with the article since it mentions many different theoretical approaches, methods and arguments.

Surprisingly, I was amazed on how respectful people treated each other on the talk page. The conversations seemed to be engaging with the intent to improve the article. Despite this, I noticed a western feminist critique bias of how the West believes third world women coexist. A possible explanation for this could be the outdated sources that were used. Also, many of the statements being made in the article were not verifiable in the references provided. The statements did not have proper citations that indicated where the information was obtained. Many of the links to the citations were no longer active or reliable sources. Much of the information that was cited came from websites which is not a reliable source. The article's structure and development could explain why the article hasn't received a rating yet, the article is also part of the wikiProject gender studies. Lastly, I felt as though the article only opened up the conversation on the role of women in development but didn't actually explain what those roles were or how women in third world countries were affected by globalization in an effort to create development. To summarize, the article on gender and development, seeks to address the ways in which women have played an increasing role in development through different theoretical approaches such as women in development (WID), women and development (WAD), gender and development (GAD) and neoliberal frameworks (Para 1). As I have demonstrated in my analysis the ways in which the article is missing information on the important role that globalization has played in gender and development. I have also demonstrated how the article and the talk page had a western feminist critique bias of how the West believes third world women coexist. Lastly I mentioned the ways in which the article used outdated sources and statements that were not verifiable in the references provided. Improper citations that did not indicated where the information was obtained. As well as links to the citations that were no longer active or reliable sources because they were obtained from websites which are not a reliable sources.

My Added Citation

I decided to write my citation on the Gender and Development article, specifically the section on Gender and neoliberal development institutions. There are many reasons why I chose to write my citation on this section. The first reason was because I felt that it didn’t have enough information regarding neoliberalism. The second reason was because I felt that it didn’t accurately describe what neoliberalism is and how it was introduced to developing countries. The final reason for writing in this section is because I felt passionately about this section after reading Chapter 3 Markets, globalization, and Gender from my class book “Gender, Development, and Globalization: Economics as if All People Mattered” by Lourdes Beneria, Gunseli Berik, and Maria S. Floro.

Instead of just writing a citation I also added two sentences to my desired section. For my first sentence I wrote about how neoliberalism consist of policies that will privatize public industry, deregulate any laws or policies that interfere with the free flow of the market and cut back on all social services (Beneria et al 95). I felt like this explanation of neoliberalism was more direct and accurate than the one given in the article. My second sentence consisted of how neoliberal policies were often introduced to many developing countries through structural adjustment programs (SAPs) by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) (Beneria et al 95). The previous writer had mentioned SAPs in the section but didn’t specify how it was introduced by the World Bank and the IMF to third world countries in order to adopt neoliberal ideologies.

Globalization

The article that I wish to develop is the one on globalization. I chose this article because it doesn't mention anything about how globalization is gendered. Which is why I plan to contribute to the article by creating the first of many new entry on how globalization is gendered. I hope to do this as my final for my Women Studies 580 class. There is so much to unpack in how globalization is gendered so I will try to narrow my focus to the global feminization of labor, women's increased share of employment since the late 1970s as well as the impacts of patriarchal gender relations in the work place and the household. I understand that this is still a big scope for looking at how globalization is gendered but I hope to strategize with my professor on how I could make my focus more narrow, clear and concise.

Bibliography

Benería, Lourdes, et al. Gender, Development and Globalization: Economics as If All People Mattered. Routledge, 2016.

I wish to use our book from class, chapter 3 “Markets, globalization, and Gender” as I feel it relates to my topic on the global feminization of women's labor as well as patriarchal gender relations in the workplace and the household.

Wright, Melissa. “Disposable Women and Other Myths of Global Capitalism.” 2013.

I wish to use this academic article as I feel it demonstrates the global feminization of labor in the maquilladora industry as well as patriarchal gender relations in the workplace. Where men are the managers and get trained in high tech jobs and women are kept in the more unskilled labor intensive maquilla jobs.

Parrenas, Rhacel. “The international division of reproductive labor”.2015

I wish to use this academic article as I feel it demonstrates patriarchal gender relations in the workplace and the household specifically pertaining to filipina “care work” and how it is a necessity in developed nations while also be devalued because it is seen as a women's job.