User:Alekksandr/martyrs

The Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation are men and women who died for the Roman Catholic faith in the years of persecution between 1534 and 1680. Certain of them have officially been recognised as martyrs by the Catholic Church.

Catholics in England and Wales were executed under treason laws. Legislation of the 16th century made treasonable refusing to assent to the royal supremacy over the Church that had been established by Henry VIII, or being or harbouring a Catholic priest. The standard penalty for all those convicted of treason at the time was execution by being hanged, drawn and quartered.

As early as the reign of Pope Gregory XIII (1572–85), authorisation was given for 63 recognised martyrs to have their relics honoured and pictures painted for devotion. These martyrs were formally beatified by Pope Leo XIII, 54 in 1886 and the remaining nine in 1895. Further groups of martyrs were subsequently documented and proposed by the bishops of England and Wales, and formally recognised by Rome:

The Forty Martyrs of England and Wales canonised by Paul VI on 25 October 1970



 * 1. John Almond, priest, 1612
 * 2. Edmund Arrowsmith, Jesuit priest, 1628
 * 3. Ambrose Edward Barlow, Benedictine priest, 10 September 1641
 * 4. John Boste, priest, July 24, 1594
 * 5. Alexander Briant, Jesuit priest, 1 December 1581
 * 6. Edmund Campion, Jesuit priest, 1 December 1581
 * 7. Margaret Clitherow, laywoman, 25 March 1586; canonised 1970
 * 8. Philip Evans, Jesuit priest, 1679
 * 9. Thomas Garnet, Jesuit priest, 1608
 * 10. Edmund Gennings, priest, 1591
 * 11. John Griffith (alias Jones), Saint, Franciscan friar, 1598
 * 12. Richard Gwyn, layman, 1584
 * 13. John Houghton, Prior of the London Charterhouse, 4 May 4 1535
 * 14. Philip Howard, Earl of Arundel, layman, 1595
 * 15. John Kemble, priest, 1679
 * 16. Luke Kirby, priest, 30 May 30 1582
 * 17. Robert Lawrence, Prior of the Beauvale Charterhouse, 4 May 1535, canonised 1970
 * 18. David Lewis, Jesuit priest, 1679
 * 19. Anne Line, laywoman, 1601
 * 20. John Lloyd, priest, 1679
 * 21. Cuthbert Mayne, priest, 1577
 * 22. Henry Morse, Jesuit priest, 1645
 * 23. Nicholas Owen, Jesuit lay-brother, 1606
 * 24. John Payne, priest, 1582
 * 25. Polydore Plasden (or Plasdore), priest, 1591
 * 26. John Plessington, priest, 1679
 * 27. Richard Reynolds, Brigittine monk of Syon Abbey, 4 May 1535, canonised 1970;
 * 28. John Rigby, layman, 1600
 * 29. John Roberts, Benedictine priest, 1610
 * 30. Alban Bartholomew Roe, Benedictine priest, 1642
 * 31. Ralph Sherwin, priest, 1 December 1581
 * 32. Saint John Southworth, priest, 1654
 * 33. Robert Southwell, Jesuit priest, 1595
 * 34. John Stone, Augustinian friar
 * 35. John Wall, Franciscan priest, 1679
 * 36. Henry Walpole, Jesuit priest, 1595
 * 37. Margaret Ward, laywoman, 1588
 * 38. Augustine Webster, Prior of the Axholme Charterhouse, 4 May 4 1535
 * 39. Swithin Wells, layman, 1591
 * 40. Eustace White, priest, 1591

Beatified 29 December 1886 by Pope Leo XIII
As well as those listed below, the following 11 members of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales were also beatified on that date, making a total of 54 - Alexander Briant, Edmund Campion, John Houghton, Luke Kirby, Robert Lawrence, Cuthbert Mayne, John Payne, Richard Reynolds, Ralph Sherwin, John Stone, Augustine Webster
 * 1. Thomas Abell, priest, 30 July 1540
 * 2. Richard Bere, Carthusian monk, 9 August 1537
 * 3. Thomas Cottam, Jesuit priest, 30 May 1582
 * 4. John Davy, Carthusian, 8 June 1537
 * 5. William Exmew, Carthusian monk, 19 June 1535
 * 6. Richard Featherstone, Archdeacon, 30 July 1540
 * 7. John Felton, layman, 1570
 * 8. John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, 22 June 1535, canonised 1935
 * 9. William Filby, 30 May 1582
 * 10. Thomas Ford, priest, 28 May 1582
 * 11. John Forest, Franciscan friar, 22 May 22 1538
 * 12. German Gardiner, layman, 7 March 1544
 * 13. Thomas Green, Carthusian, 10 June 1537
 * 14. William Greenwood, Carthusian brother, 6 June 1537
 * 15. John Haile (or Hale), priest, 4 May 1535
 * 16. Everard Hanse, priest, 1581
 * 17. William Hart, priest, 1583
 * 18. William Horne, Carthusian lay brother, 4 August 1540
 * 19. Robert Johnson, priest, 1582
 * 20. Thomas Johnson, Carthusian, 20 September 1537
 * 21. Richard Kirkman, priest, August 22 1582
 * 22. William Lacy (or Lacey), 1582
 * 23. John Larke, priest, 7 March 1544
 * 24. Humphrey Middlemore, Carthusian monk, 19 June 1535
 * 25. Thomas More, layman, 5 July 1535, canonised 1935
 * 26. John Nelson, priest, 1578
 * 27. Sebastian Newdigate, Carthusian monk, 19 June 1535
 * 28. Walter Pierson, Carthusian brother, 10 June 1537
 * 29. Thomas Plumtree, priest, 1570 - Chaplain to the Rising of the North
 * 30. Margaret Pole
 * 31. Edward Powell, 30 July 1540
 * 32. Thomas Redyng, Carthusian, 16 June 1537
 * 33. Laurence Richardson (or Johnson), priest, 30 May 1582
 * 34. John Rochester, Carthusian monk, 11 May 1537
 * 35. Robert Salt, Carthusian brother, June 9 1537
 * 36. Thomas Scryven, Carthusian, June 15 1537
 * 37. John Shert, priest, 1582
 * 38. Thomas Sherwood, layman, 1579
 * 39. John Storey, Chancellor to Bishop Bonner, 1571 - for high treason (for having supported the Northern Rebellion of 1569 and encouraging the Duke of Alba to invade)
 * 40. Richard Thirkeld, priest, 1583
 * 41. James Thompson (or Thomson or Tompson), priest, York, 1582
 * 42. James Walworth, Carthusian monk, May 11 1537
 * 43. Thomas Woodhouse, priest, 1573

Beatified 13 May 1895 by Pope Leo XIII

 * 1. John Beche, Abbot of Colchester, 1 December 1539
 * 2. John Eynon, priest, 14 November 1539
 * 3. Hugh Faringdon, Abbot of Reading, 14 November 1539
 * 4. Adrian Fortescue, Knight of St. John of Jerusalem, 9 July 1539
 * 5. Roger James, Benedictine, 15 November 1539
 * 6. Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, layman, 1572 - Leader of the Rising of the North
 * 7. John Rugg (or Rugge), Benedictine monk, November 15, 1539
 * 8. John Thorne, Benedictine monk, 15 November 1539
 * 9. Richard Whiting, Abbot of Glastonbury, 15 November 1539

Beatified 15 December 1929 by Pope Pius XI
As well as those listed below, 29 members of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales were also beatified on that date, making a total of 137. NB that William Barlow does not appear in the New Catholic Encyclopedia, and I do not count him as one of them. died at Douai.
 * 1. Henry Abbot, layman, 4 July 1597
 * 2. Thomas Alfield, priest, July 6, 1585
 * 3. John Amias, priest, March 16, 1589
 * 4. Robert Anderton, priest, April 25, 1586.
 * 5. William Andleby, priest, July 4, 1597
 * 6. Ralph Ashley, Jesuit priest, 7 April 1607
 * 7. Christopher Bales, priest, March 4, 1590
 * 8. Mark Barkworth, Benedictine, 27 February 1601
 * William Barlow
 * 9. James Bell, priest, 1584
 * 10. James Bird (or Byrd or Beard), layman, March 25, 1592
 * 11. John Bodey, priest, November 2, 1583
 * 12. Thomas Bosgrave, layman, July 4, 1594
 * 13. William Browne, layman, 1605
 * 14. Christopher Buxton, priest, died Canterbury, October 1, 1588
 * 15. John Carey (blessed), Dublin born lay helper of John Cornelius S.J., July 4, 1594
 * 16. Edmund Catheriok, priest, 1642
 * 17. James Claxton (Clarkson), priest, 1588
 * 18. Edward Colman (or Coleman), layman, 1678
 * 19. Ralph Corby, Jesuit, 7 September 1644
 * 20. John Cornelius, Jesuit priest, July 4, 1594
 * 21. Ralph Crockett, priest, October 1, 1588
 * 22. Robert Dalby, priest, York, March 16, 1589
 * 23. William Dean, priest, August 28, 1588
 * 24. Francis Dicconson (or Dickenson), priest, 1590
 * 25. Roger Dicconson (or Dickenson), priest, July 7, 1591
 * 26. James Duckett, layman, 1601
 * 27. John Duckett, priest, 1644
 * 28. Gerard Edwards (also known as Edward Campion), 1 October 1588
 * 29. Thomas Felton, Franciscan, 1588
 * 30. James Fenn, priest, 1584
 * 31. John Fenwick, Jesuit priest, 1679
 * 32. John Finch, 1584
 * 33. William Freeman, priest, 1595
 * 34. Edward Fulthrop, layman, 1597
 * 35. John Gavan, Jesuit priest, 1679
 * 36. Miles Gerard, priest, 1590
 * 37. George Gervase, Benedictine, 1608
 * 38. David Gonson (or Gunston), layman, July 12, 1541
 * 39. Hugh Green, priest, 1642
 * 40. John Grove, layman, 1679
 * 41. William Gunter, priest, 1588
 * 42. William Harcourt, Jesuit, 1679
 * 43. William Harrington, priest, 1594
 * 44. William Hartley, priest, 1588
 * 45. Thomas Hemerford, priest, 1584
 * 46. Richard Herst (Hurst), layman, 29 August 1628
 * 47. John Hewitt (or Hewett), priest, 1588
 * 48. Sydney Hodgson, layman, 10 December 1591
 * 49. Thomas Holford, priest, 1588
 * 50. Thomas Holland, priest, 12 December 1642
 * 51. William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford, layman, December 29, 1680
 * 52. Laurence Humphreys (or Humphrey), layman, 1591
 * 53. John Ingram, priest, 1594
 * 54. John Ireland, priest, March 7, 1544
 * 55. William Ireland, Jesuit priest, 1679
 * 56. Edward James, priest, 1588
 * 57. Edward Jones, priest, 1590
 * 58. Brian Lacey, layman, 1591
 * 59. Richard Langhorne, layman, 1679
 * 60. Richard Langley, layman, 1586
 * 61. Richard Leigh, priest, 1588
 * 62. John Lockwood, priest, 1642
 * 63. William Marsden, priest, April 25, 1586
 * 64. Richard Martin, layman, 1588
 * 65. John Mason, layman, 1591
 * 66. Thomas Maxfield, priest, 1616
 * 67. Anthony Middleton, priest, 1590
 * 68. Ralph Milner, layman, July 7, 1591
 * 69. Hugh More, layman, August 28, 1588
 * 70. Robert Morton, priest, 1588
 * 71. John Munden, priest, 1584
 * 72. George Napper, priest, Oxford, 1610
 * 73. John Nutter, priest, 1584
 * 74. Edward Oldcorne, Jesuit priest, 1606
 * 75. Francis Page, Jesuit, 1602
 * 76. William Patenson, priest, 1592
 * 77. John Pibush, priest, 1601
 * 78. Thomas Pickering, Benedictine, 1679
 * 79. Philip Powel, Benedictine, 1646
 * 80. Alexander Rawlins, priest, 1595
 * 81. Richard (Thomas) Reynolds (alias Green), priest, 1 January 1642
 * 82. William Richardson, priest, 1603
 * 83. John Robinson, priest, 1588
 * 84. John Roche, layman, 1588
 * 85. Patrick Salmon, layman, July 4, 1594
 * 86. William Scot (Maurus Scott) 1612
 * 87. Edward Shelley, 30 August 1588,
 * 88. John Slade, layman, 1583
 * 89. Richard Smith, (also known as Richard Newport), priest, 1612
 * 90. Thomas Somers, priest, 1610
 * 91. John Speed, layman, 4 February 1594
 * 92. Edward Stransham, priest, 1586
 * 93. Robert Sutton, layman, October 5, 1588
 * 94. George Swallowell, layman, July 26, 1594
 * 95. Thomas Thwing, priest, 1679
 * 96. Thomas Tunstall, priest, 1616
 * 97. Anthony Turner, Jesuit, 1679
 * 98. Thomas Warcop, layman, 4 July 1597
 * 99. William Ward, priest, 1641
 * 100. Edward Waterson, priest, 1593
 * 101. Robert Watkinson, priest, 1602
 * 102. William Way (alias May or Flower), priest, 1588
 * 103. Thomas Welbourne, layman, August 1, 1605
 * 104. Thomas Whitbread, Jesuit, 1679
 * 105. Robert Widmerpool, layman, October 1, 1588
 * 106. Robert Wilcox, priest, October 1, 1588
 * 107. John Woodcock, Franciscan, 1646
 * 108. Peter Wright, Jesuit, 1651

Beatified 22 November 1987 by Pope John Paul II



 * 1. John Adams, priest, October 8, 1586
 * 2. Thomas Atkinson, priest, 1616
 * 3. Edward Bamber, priest, 1646
 * 4. George Beesley, priest, July 5, 1591
 * 5. Arthur Bell, Franciscan priest, 1643
 * 6. Thomas Belson, layman, July 5, 1589
 * 7. Robert Bickerdike, layman, 23 July 1586
 * 8. Alexander Blake, layman, March 4, 1590; beatified 1987
 * 9. Marmaduke Bowes, layman, 26 November 1585
 * 10. John Bretton, layman, April 1, 1598
 * 11. Thomas Bullaker, Franciscan priest, 1642
 * 12. Edmund Burden, priest, 1588
 * 13. Roger Cadwallador, priest, 1610
 * 14. William Carter, layman, 11 January 1584
 * 15. Alexander Crowe, priest, 30 November 1586
 * 16. William Davies, priest, July 27, 1593
 * 17. Robert Dibdale, priest, October 8, 1586
 * 18. George Douglas, priest, 1587
 * 19. Robert Drury, priest, 1607
 * 20. Edmund Duke, priest, 27 May 27 1590
 * 21. George Errington, layman, 1596
 * 22. Roger Filcock, priest, 1601
 * 23. John Finglow (Fingley), priest, 8 August 1586
 * 24. Matthew Flathers, priest, 1608
 * 25. Richard Flower, layman, 1588
 * 26. Nicholas Garlick, priest, 1588
 * 27. William Gibson, layman, 1596
 * 28. Ralph Grimston, layman, 1598
 * 29. Robert Grissold, layman, 1604
 * 30. John Hambley, priest, 1587
 * 31. Robert Hardesty, layman, 1589
 * 32. George Haydock, priest, 12 February 1584
 * 33. Henry Heath, Franciscan priest, 1643
 * 34. Richard Hill, priest, May 27, 1590
 * 35. John Hogg, priest, May 27, 1590
 * 36. Richard Holiday, priest, May 27, 1590
 * 37. Nicholas Horner, layman, March 4, 1590
 * 38. Thomas Hunt, priest, 1600
 * 39. Thurstan Hunt, priest, 1601
 * 40. Francis Ingleby, priest, 3 June 1586
 * 41. William Knight, layman, 1596
 * 42. Joseph Lambton, priest, 24 July 1592
 * 43. William Lampley, layman, 1588
 * 44. John Lowe, priest, October 8, 1586
 * 45. Robert Ludlam, priest, 1588
 * 46. Charles Mahoney (alias Meehan or Mihan), Franciscan priest, 1679
 * 47. Robert Middleton, priest, March 1601
 * 48. George Nichols, priest, 1589
 * 49. John Norton, layman, 1600
 * 50. Robert Nutter, priest, 1600
 * 51. Edward Osbaldeston, priest, 1594
 * 52. Antony Page, priest, 1593
 * 53. Thomas Palasor, priest, 1600; beatified 1987
 * 54. William Pike (or Pyke), layman
 * 55. Thomas Pilchard, priest, 21 March 1587
 * 56. Thomas Pormort, priest, 20 February 1592
 * 57. Nicholas Postgate, priest, 1679
 * 58. Humphrey Pritchard, layman, 1589
 * 59. Christopher Robinson, priest, 1597
 * 60. Stephen Rowsham, priest, 1587
 * 61. John Sandys, priest, 11 August 1586
 * 62. Montford Scott, priest, 1591
 * 63. Richard Sergeant, priest, 2 April 1586
 * 64. Richard Simpson, priest, 1588
 * 65. Peter Snow, priest, 1598
 * 66. William Southerne, priest, 1618
 * 67. William Spenser, priest, 1589
 * 68. Thomas Sprott, priest, 1600
 * 69. John Sugar, priest, 1604
 * 70. Robert Sutton, priest, 1587
 * 71. Edmund Sykes, priest, 23 March 1587
 * 72. John Talbot, layman, 1600
 * 73. Hugh Taylor, priest, 25 November 1585
 * 74. William Thomson, priest, 20 April 1586
 * 75. Robert Thorpe, priest, 1591
 * 76. John Thulis, priest, 18 Mar 1616
 * 77. Edward Thwing, priest, 26 July 1600
 * 78. Thomas Watkinson, layman, 31 May 1591
 * 79. Thomas Webley, layman, July 6, 1585
 * 80. Christopher Wharton, priest, 1600
 * 81. Thomas Whitaker, priest, 1646
 * 82. John Woodcock, Franciscan priest, 7 August 1646
 * 83. Nicholas Woodfen, priest, 21 January 1586
 * 84. Roger Wrenno, layman, 1616
 * 85. Richard Yaxley, priest, 1589

The 'Nun of Kent' and her companions

 * April 20, 1534: Elizabeth Barton, Benedictine nun;
 * Edward Bocking, Benedictine;
 * John Dering, Benedictine monk;
 * Henry Gold, priest;
 * Hugh Rich, Franciscan friar;
 * Richard Risby, Franciscan friar.

After the pilgrimage of grace and the rising of Lincolnshire

 * 1537: George ab Alba Rose, Augustinian
 * George Ashby (Asleby), monk;
 * Ralph Barnes, monk;
 * Laurence Blonham, monk;
 * William Burraby, priest;
 * James Cockerell, Prior of Gisborough Priory;
 * William Coe, monk;
 * William Cowper, monk;
 * The Lord Darcy de Darcy;
 * John Eastgate, monk;
 * Richard Eastgate, monk;
 * John Francis, monk;
 * William Gylham, monk;
 * Richard Harrison, Abbot of Kirkistead;
 * William Haydock, monk;
 * Nicholas Heath, Prior of Lenton;
 * John Henmarsh, priest;
 * Robert Hobbes, Abbot of Woburn;
 * Henry Jenkinson, monk;
 * Thomas Kendal, priest;
 * Richard Laynton, monk;
 * Robert Leeche, layman;
 * Hugh Londale, monk;
 * Matthew Mackerel, Premonstratensian abbot, titular bishop of Chalcedon;
 * James Mallet, priest;
 * Thomas Moyne 'After the pilgrimage of grace and the rising of Lincolnshire'
 * John Paslew, Abbot of Whatley;
 * John Pickering, Benedictine, prior of York;
 * May 25, 1537: John Pickering, priest
 * Thomas Redforth, priest;
 * May 26, 1537: Adam Sedbar, Abbot of Jervaulx;
 * William Swale, monk;
 * John Tenant, monk;
 * William Thyrsk, Cistercian;
 * William Trafford, Abbot of Sawley;
 * Richard Wade, monk

Various

 * Anthony Brookby (or Brorby), Franciscan, July 7 or 19, 1537 (Venerable)
 * 1538: John Allen, priest;
 * John Collins, priest
 * George Croft, priest
 * Thomas Cort, Franciscan, July 27, 1538 (Venerable)
 * Thomas Belchiam, Franciscan friar, August 3, 1538 (Venerable) ,
 * Martin de Condres, Augustinian monk, December 1538 or 1539;
 * Paul of Saint William, Augustinian monk, December 1538 or 1539;
 * John Griffith (or Clark), priest, July 8, 1539 (Venerable)
 * Friar Waire, Franciscan, July 8, 1539 (Venerable)
 * Sir Thomas Dingley, layman, July 9, 1539 (Venerable)
 * Edmund Brindholme, priest, August 4, 1540 (Venerable);
 * Clement Philpott (or Philpot), layman, August 4, 1540 (Venerable)
 * Robert Bird, layman, August 4, 1540;
 * William Bird, priest, August 4, 1540 ;
 * Thomas Epson (or Empson), Benedictine, August 4, 1540 ;
 * Giles Heron, layman, August 4, 1540 ;
 * Lawrence Cook, Carmelite. Prior of Doncaster Friary, August 4, 1540 ;
 * William Peterson (or Patterson), priest
 * Robert Singleton, priest, March 7, 1544
 * Thomas Ashby, layman, March 19, 1544 (Venerable)

Decrees of Elizabeth I
During the 4½-year reign of Mary I, Catholicism was officially favoured and Protestants were persecuted. After Elizabeth I's accession to the throne, the religion of the country was changed again to make it Protestant. Many people continued to remain loyal to the old Catholic faith.

In the words of the New Catholic Encyclopedia, 'Without question it was Elizabeth I's intention to supplant the old religion with the new in a bloodless manner. It is significant that there were no martyrs in the first 12 years of her reign, and only five in the years 1570 to 1577.' Of those five, Thomas Plumtree had been chaplain to the insurgents in the Rising of the North, John Felton had published Pope Pius V's Bull Regnans in Excelsis ("reigning on high"), excommunicating Queen Elizabeth, John Story was tried for high treason, for having supported the Rising of the North and encouraging the Duke of Alba to invade and Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland had led the Rising of the North.

The threat of invasion by a Catholic country assisted by English subjects led the Crown to try to stamp out Catholicism with repressive measures. Elizabeth I's government passed anti-Catholic decrees in 1571: forbidding anyone from maintaining the jurisdiction of the pope by word, deed or act; requiring use of the Book of Common Prayer in all cathedrals, churches and chapels, and forbidding criticism of it; forbidding the publication of any bull, writing or instrument of the Holy See (the death penalty was assigned to this); and, prohibiting the importing of Agnus Dei images, crosses, pictures, beads or other things from the Bishop of Rome.

Later laws made the following activities illegal: to draw anyone away from the state religion; non-attendance at a Church of England church; raising children with teachers that were not licensed by an Anglican diocesan bishop; and, attending or celebrating the Catholic Mass.

In 1585 a new decree was issued that made it a crime punishable by death to go overseas to receive the sacrament of Ordination to the Catholic priesthood. Nicholas Devereux (who went by the alias of Nicholas Woodfen) and Edward Barber (see below Edward Stransham) were both put to death in 1586 under this law. William Thompson and Richard Lea (see below Richard Sergeant) were hanged, disembowelled and quartered under the same law. In 1588, eight priests and six laymen at Newgate were condemned and executed under this law.

1570–1603

 * Henry Webley, August 28, 1588 (Venerable)
 * Richard Williams, priest, February 21, 1592 (Venerable)
 * Roger Ashton, layman, June 23, 1592 (Venerable)
 * John Lion, layman, July 16, 1598 (Venerable)
 * James Dowdall, layman, August 13, 1598 (Venerable)
 * Richard Horner, priest, September 4, 1598, (Venerable)
 * Nicholas Tichborne, layman, August 24, 1601, (Venerable)
 * Thomas Hackshot, August 24, 1601, (Venerable)
 * James Harrison, priest, March 22, 1602, (Venerable)
 * Anthony Battie (or Bates), layman, March 22, 1602 (Venerable)
 * Thomas Tichborne, priest, April 20, 1602, (Venerable)

1606–1680

 * Laurence Bailey, layman, August 1604 (Venerable)
 * Henry Garnet, Jesuit, 1606 - One of the dilati, "put off" for further proof - 'was he killed ex odio fidei, or was he believed to be guilty of the Powder Plot, by merely human misjudgment, not through religious prejudice?'
 * Edward Morgan, priest, April 26, 1642 (Venerable)
 * Robert Price (or Apreece), layman, May 7, 1644 (Venerable)
 * Ildephonse Hesketh (alias William Hanson), Benedictine, 1644 - One of the dilati, "put off" for further proof - 'driven on foot before [Parliament soldiers] in the heat of summer, by which cruel and outrageous usage they were so heated and spent, that they either forthwith or soon after died'
 * Brian Tansfield (or Cansfield), priest, August 3, 1645, (Venerable) Died of ill-treatment in prison