User:AlexMongelli/sandbox

KRONOS
KRONOS is a 3D multi-role C-Band radar with a full solid state active phased array antenna. It is designed by SELEX ES on the basis of its experience in advanced Multifunctional radar systems, such as the shipborne EMPAR provided to the Italian Navy and other Foreign Customers. It is available both in land based (KRONOS 3D LND) and shipborne (KRONOS 3D NV) configurations. Its main capabilities are:


 * Air & Sea Surveillance
 * Air & Missile Defence
 * Autonomous Configuration (Point Defence)
 * Network Integrated Configuration (Nation/Wide Area Air Defence)
 * Modern SAM System Integration
 * Active Missile Guidance
 * C-RAM
 * Gun Fire Support

Description
KRONOS 3D is a medium range Radar, which counters new generation threats in every kind of environment: ECM (Electronic Counter Measures) environments, severe clutter environments, such as open sea (Blue Water) and extreme littorals (Brown Water) scenarios for the naval version. 3D air surveillance extends to 180km and up to 70° in elevation. The radar coverage is obtained by phase scanning both in azimuth and elevation, while mechanically rotating in azimuth at 60rpm. The capability of electronic scanning in azimuth and elevation and the use of a scheduler for a real time allocation of the time/energy budget to the different activities (search, tracking, auxiliary,..) provides the maximum flexibility in terms of coverage, renewal time and tracking, allowing the system to perform contemporary:


 * Surveillance of its operational area up to 180 Km with high detection capability
 * Short reaction time against Pop-Up target
 * Dedicated tracking with an update rate up to 1 sec

The tracker manages a huge number of tracks with automatic and manual initiation. A threat evaluation is realized for each track on the basis of its cinematic and detection characteristics. According to the Threat Evaluation, a priority and a tracking with a different refresh rate is assigned to each threat fully exploiting the Multifunctional architecture (azimuth and elevation beam scanning):


 * Dedicated tracking for High Priority Tracks (HPT) with an update period of 1 sec
 * Dedicated tracking for Low Priority Tracks (LPT) with an update period of 4 sec
 * Track While Scan (TWS) with the surveillance update period.

The dedicated tracking and the implementation of azimuth and elevation monopulse techniques provides improved tracking performance especially for manoeuvring targets. A pencil beam is used in transmission and four contemporary receiving beams (•, Æaz, Æel, SLB) with four dedicated channels with high dynamic range are provided in reception, to obtain high resolution and accuracy performances both in azimuth and elevation. KRONOS 3D uses modular and adaptive Signal Processing architecture with various coherent integrations processes. Different clutter maps are used for the selection of the most suitable MTD/MTI doppler filtering and thresholding. Different CFAR techniques are used to reject false alarms caused by clutter and/or jamming. ECCMs (Electronic Counter Counter Measures) are ensured through:


 * Wide-band high frequency agility (pulse-to-pulse orburst-to-burst)
 * Automatic Least Jammed Frequency Selection
 * Track on Jammer
 * Ultra low side-lobe antenna pattern
 * Side Lobe Blanking function through a dedicated channel.

Variants
The Kronos Radar family consists of the follwoings variants:


 * KRONOS NAVAL, the Naval Version intended for use on ships starting from 400 tons
 * KRONOS MFRA, the Naval Version intended for use on ships starting from 1700 tons
 * KRONOS LAND, the mobile version housed in a single, autonomous 20-ft ISO shelter, C4I embedded
 * KRONOS GRAND, is a search and fire control radar for air and missile defense.

Technical Characteristics
MTBCF ³ 2000h

MTTR ² 45 min (TRMs plug in)

BITE fault identification and location

Antenna Group

 * Frequency: C-band
 * Rotation speed: 60 rpm
 * Elevation: 0° - 70° (Point Defence Mode)
 * Transmitter Distributed Solid State modules (TRMs in antenna based on power p-HEMT HPA technology)
 * Antenna Stabilization: Electronic Stabilization both in azimuth and elevation
 * IFF Antenna: Optional

Dimensions
Antenna (w d h): (2050 x 850 x 760) m

Receiver

 * Tracking method: Dedicated tracking (azimuth and elevation scan-off) and/or Track While Scan
 * IF Dynamic Range: High Linear Range
 * Signal processing: Adaptive CFAR and MTD/MTI
 * Advanced frequency selection
 * Enhanced ECCM functions