User:AlexStutzman/sandbox

Week 7 Sources:

“Personality Assessment.” American Psychological Association, American Psychological Association, www.apa.org/ed/graduate/specialize/personality.aspx.

-We we use this as a general base of information. It is a good place to start and to find other articles to delve deeper into personality assessment. ~ (Cassie Hurley)

Ashton, M. C. (2007). Individual differences and personality. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press. ~

-This book is good for various methods of personality assessments as well as how to quanitify the quality of an assessment. ~ (Cassie Hurley)

Week 8: Begin to draft your article

Types of Personality Assessments
Various personality inventories may be used as a form of psychological evaluation. These inventories include, but are not limited to: the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire, the Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory (MMPI), the California Psychological Inventory (CPI), the Neuroticism Extroversion Openness Personality Inventory (NEO-PI), and the HEXACO Personality Inventory (HEXACO-PI). These assessments attempt to characterize and assign objective scores to an individual according to questions listed in the specific manual of the personality inventory.

The HEXACO-PI, developed by Lee and Ashton, is named after the dimensions which the test examines: honesty & humility (H), emotionality (E), Extraversion (X), agreeableness (A), conscientiousness (C), and openness to experience (O). There are two versions of the HEXACO: the HEXACO-PI and the HEXACO-PI-R which are examined with either self reports or observer reports. The HEXACO-PI-R includes various traits associated with neuroticism and can be used to help identify trait tendencies. The HEXACO can be used in clinical settings to screen for depressive or anxiety disorders as well as indicators of the dark triad. ~ (Cassie Hurley)

Developed by Starke R. Hathaway, PhD, and J. C. McKinley, MD, The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a personality inventory used to investigate not only personality, but also psychopathology. The MMPI was developed using an empirical, atheoretical approach. This means that it was not developed using any of the frequently changing theories about psychodynamics at the time. There are two variations of the MMPI that are administered, the MMPI-2 and the MMPI-2-RF. A third variation, the MMPI-A is only administered to teenagers. This inventory's validity has been confirmed by Hiller, Rosenthal, Bornstein, and Berry in their 1999 meta-analysis. Throughout history the MMPI in its various forms has been routinely administered in hospitals, clinical settings, prisons, and military settings.

The MMPI-2 consists of 567 true or false questions aimed at measuring the reporting person's psychological wellbeing. The MMPI is commonly used in clinical settings and occupational health settings. The ten clinical scales of the MMPI-2 are hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, psychopathic deviate, masculinity-femininity, paranoia, psychasthenia, schizophrenia, and hypomania. These clinical scales are aimed at investigating behavior that may be deviant from normal human behavior. The test also contains four validity scales to ensure honest answering by the person taking the test. The four validity tests are Lie, F, Back F, and K. These scales try to detect people responding in a socially desirable way, and people who have taken the test randomly on purpose. ~ (Sara Johnson)

The NEO Personality Inventory was developed by Paul Costa Jr. and Robert R. McCrae in 1978. When initially created, it only measured three of the Big Five personality traits: Neuroticism, Openness to Experience, and Extroversion. The inventory was then renamed as the Neuroticism-Extroversion-Openness Inventory (NEO-I). It was not until 1985 that Agreeableness and Conscientiousness were added to the personality assessment. With all Big Five personality traits being assessed, it was then renamed as the NEO Personality Inventory. Research for the NEO-PI continued over the next few years until a revised manual with six facets for each Big Five trait was published in 1992. In the 1990s, now called the NEO PI-R, issues were found with the personality inventory. The developers of the assessment found it to be too difficult for younger people, and another revision was done to create the NEO PI-3.

The NEO Personality Inventory is administered in two forms: self-report and observer report. It consists of 240 personality items and a validity item. It can be administered in roughly 35-45 minutes. Every item is answered on a Likert scale, widely known as a scale from Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree. If more than 40 items are missing or more than 150 responses or less than 50 responses are Strongly Agree/Disagree, the assessment should be viewed with great caution and has the potential to be invalid. In the NEO report, each trait's T score is recorded along with the percentile they rank on compared to all data recorded for the assessment. Then, each trait is broken up into their six facets along with raw score, individual T-scores, and percentile. The next page goes on to list what each score means in words as well as what each facet entails. The exact responses to questions are given in a list as well as the validity response and amount of missing responses. AlexStutzman (talk) 15:30, 17 March 2018 (UTC)

When an individual is given their NEO report, it is important to understand specifically what the facets are and what the corresponding scores mean.


 * Neuroticism
 * Anxiety
 * High scores suggest nervousness, tenseness, and fearfulness. Low scores suggest feeling relaxed and calm.
 * Angry Hostility
 * High scores suggest feeling anger and frustration often. Low scores suggest being easy-going.
 * Depression
 * High scores suggest feeling guilty, sad, hopeless, and lonely. Low scores suggest less feeling of that of someone who scores highly, but not necessarily being light-hearted and cheerful.
 * Self-Conciousness
 * High scores suggest shame, embarrassment, and sensitivity. Low scores suggest being less affected by others' opinions, but not necessarily having good social skills or poise.
 * Impulsiveness
 * High scores suggest the inability to control cravings and urges. Low scores suggest easy resistance to such urges.
 * Vunerability
 * High scores suggest inability to cope with stress, being dependent, and feeling panicked in high stress situations. Low scores suggest capability to handle stressful situations.
 * Extraversion
 * Warmth
 * High scores suggest friendliness and affectionate behavior. Low scores suggest being more formal, reserved, and distant. A low score does not necessarily mean being hostile or lacking compassion.
 * Gragariousness
 * High scores suggest wanting the company of others. Low scores tend to be from those who avoid social stimulation.
 * Assertiveness
 * High scores suggest a forceful and dominant person who lacks hesitation. Low scores suggest are more passive and try not to stand out in a crowd.
 * Activity
 * High scores suggest a more energetic and upbeat personality and lead a quicker paced lifestyle. Low scores suggest the person is more leisurely, but does not imply being lazy or slow.
 * Excitement-Seeking
 * High scores suggest a person who seeks and craves excitement and is similar to those with high sensation seeking. Low scores seek a less exciting lifestyle and come off more boring.
 * Positive Emotions
 * High scores suggest the tendency to feel happier, laugh more, and are optimistic. Low scorers are not necessarily unhappy, but more so are less high-spirited and are more pessimistic.


 * Openness to Experience
 * Fantasy
 * Those who score high in fantasy have a more creative imagination and daydream frequently. Low scores suggest a person who lives more in the moment.
 * Aesthetics
 * High scores suggest a love and appreciation for art and physical beauty. These people are more emotionally attached to music, artwork, and poetry. Low scorers have a lack of interest in the arts.
 * Feelings
 * High scorers have a deeper ability to experience emotion and see their emotions as more important than those who score low on this facet. Low scorers are less expressive.
 * Actions
 * High scores suggest a more open-mindedness to traveling and experiencing new things. These people prefer novelty over a routine life. Low scorers prefer a scheduled life and dislike change.
 * Ideas
 * Active pursuit of knowledge, high curiosity, and the enjoyment of brain teasers and philosophical are common of those who score high on this facet. Those who score lower are not necessarily less intelligent, nor does a high score imply high intelligence. However, those who score lower are more narrow in their interests and have low curiosity.
 * Values
 * High scorers are more investigative of political, social, and religious values. Those who score lower and more accepting of authority and honor more traditional values. High scorers are more typically liberal while lower scorers are more typically conservative.
 * Agreeableness
 * Trust
 * High scores are more trusting of others and believe others are honest and have good intentions. Low scorers are more skeptical, cynical, and assumes others are dishonest and/or dangerous.
 * Straightforwardness
 * Those who score high in this facet are more sincere and frank. Low scorers are more deceitful and more willing to manipulate others, but this does not mean they should be labeled as a dishonest or manipulative person.
 * Altruism
 * High scores suggest a person concerned with the well-being of others and show it through generosity, willingness to help others, and volunteering for those less fortunate. Low scores suggest a more self-centered person who is less willing to go out of their way to help others.
 * Compliance
 * High scorers are more inclined to avoid conflict and tend to forgive easily. Low scores suggest a more aggressive personality and a love for competition.
 * Modesty
 * High scorers are more humble, but not necessarily lacking in self-esteem or confidence. Low scorers believe they're more superior than others and may come off as more conceited.
 * Tender-Mindedness
 * This facet scales one's concern for others and their ability to empathize. High scorers are more moved by others' emotions, while low scorers are more hardheaded and typically consider themselves realists.


 * Conscientiousness
 * Competence
 * High scores suggest one is capable, sensible, prudent, effective, and are well-prepared to deal with whatever happens in life. Low scores suggest a potential lower self-esteem and are often unprepared.
 * Order
 * High scorers are more neat and tidy, while low scorers lack organization and are unmethodical.
 * Dutifulness
 * Those who score highly in this facet are more strict about their ethical principles and are more dependable. Low scorers are less reliable and are more casual about their morals.
 * Achievement Striving
 * Those who score highly in this facet have higher aspirations and work harder to achieve their goals. However, they may be too invested in their work and become a workaholic. Low scorers are much less ambitious and perhaps even lazy. They are often content with their lack of goal-seeking.
 * Self-Discipline
 * High scorers complete whatever task is assigned to them and are self-motivated. Low scorers often procrastinate and are easily discouraged.
 * Deliberation
 * High scorers tend to think more than low scorers before acting. High scorers are more cautious and deliberate while low scorers are more hasty and act without considering the consequences.

Peer reviews for "Psychological Evaluation"
Overall, I think you have some really solid additions to the page, especially about the MMPI. The additions that your group made to the article were definitely needed!
 * One thing I'm curious about in your draft is where you're going to put that information on these personality tests within the article? It could potentially be its own heading, but one big thing I think needs to change about this article is the structure; restructuring some of the headings on the page to better break up information is much needed, in my opinion. done
 * Good sources that could contribute a lot of information to the article. I think this source is great for relating personality assessment to psychological evaluation. done - we used this source
 * The other personality inventories are listed but perhaps you could explain more about how those other inventories are useful as a form of psychological evaluation like how you explained about the MMPI measuring psychological wellbeing and psychopathology. Jakebeinart (talk) 15:45, 15 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Your sentence structures are clear and easy to understand, and also do a good job of presenting the information in neutral manner without drawing conclusions of your own. done
 * I think it's great that you guys added information about the personality tests, but more detail needs to be added for readers to grasp how these tests relate back to drawing conclusions that lead to a person's psychological evaluation. After defining what the personality test is, perhaps dig a little more into how the test works. For the most part, I think we should assume that readers have very little to no knowledge about the subject. Good start on the HEXACO model - just add more information to tie your additions back to the main point of the article. I also agree with Jake in the sense that it would probably be a good idea to add personality tests as their own section, because this information doesn't cohesively fit under the current subsections.
 * The opening paragraph of the lead section is a bit weak. Perhaps use information from your "general source" to tie the lead section back to the content in the rest of the article and provide some more useful information (good source - it has helpful info that applies to your topic). I felt after reading the article's introduction, and then actually digging into the content that the lead section wasn't quite encompassing the summary of the article's content. done

PariA11 (talk) 19:28, 15 March 2018 (UTC)


 * I think the addition of the MMPI-2 for both the history of the psychological evaluation and the modern use of it in both medical and legal would be one a significant example of what a test designed for the purpose of help diagnosing pathology in patients and the accused is informative of what it is used for. Bjh38d (talk) 04:05, 16 March 2018 (UTC)

Response to Peer Review - Sara Johnson
Thank you for the feedback on our article! I like that you provided both positive and negative feedback on my MMPI section. There is so much important information about the MMPI, so I have a lot to add. We definitely need to work on a better intro paragraph. I don't think we have even begun working on this because we have all been working on our designated personality assessments. I am going to work to improve:
 * history about the MMPI


 * how the MMPI has changed over time
 * MMPI structure/what the patient has to do for the test
 * how exactly to structure our work within the complete article -- this will be something we work on when integrating our information into the actual wiki article

Response to Peer Review - Cassie
She will work on expanding her HEXACO section and developing a good introductory paragraph. She will describe how the HEXACO works and why it is administered for psychological evaluation.

Response to Peer Review - Alex
I didn't have anyone review my portion of the article so far, but I have worked on improving the introductory paragraph and expanding what specific facets and scores mean for the NEO. I will continue to add to the facets soon.