User:Alexa.aa12/Lesbian feminism

== Lesbian feminism is a cultural movement and critical perspective that encourages women to focus their efforts, attentions, relationships, and activities towards their fellow women rather than men, and often advocates lesbianism as the logical result of feminism. Lesbian feminism was most influential in the 1970s and early 1980s, primarily in North America and Western Europe, but began in the late 1960s and arose out of dissatisfaction with the New Left, the Campaign for Homosexual Equality, sexism within the gay liberation movement, and homophobia within popular women's movements at the time. Many of the supporters of Lesbianism were actually women involved in gay liberation who were tired of the sexism and centering of gay men within the community and lesbian women in the mainstream women's movement who were tired of the homophobia involved in it. ==

== Some key thinkers and activists include Charlotte Bunch, Rita Mae Brown, Adrienne Rich, Audre Lorde, Marilyn Frye, Mary Daly, Sheila Jeffreys, Barbara Smith, Pat Parker, Margaret Sloan-Hunter, Cheryl Clarke, Gloria E. Anzaldúa, Cherríe Moraga, Monique Wittig, and Sara Ahmed (although the last two are more commonly associated with the emergence of queer theory). ==

== Lesbian feminists of color argue for intersectionality, in particular the crossings of gender, sex, class, and race, as an important component of lesbian feminist thought.[10 ] they argue this because most research and data about mental health and identity is provided by white cis-males. ==

References[edit]

 * 1) ^ Jump up to: a b c d
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 * 5) ^ Revolutionary Lesbians: "How to Stop Choking to Death Or: Separatism," 1971, in, "For Lesbians Only: A Separatist Anthology," ed. Hoagland, Sarah Lucia, and Julia Penelope. p. 22-24. Onlywomen Press, 1988.
 * 6) ^ Mark Blasius, Shane Phelan We are everywhere: a historical sourcebook in gay and lesbian politics, Routledge, 1997 ISBN 0-415-90859-0 p. 352
 * 7) ^ Vern L. Bullough Before Stonewall: activists for gay and lesbian rights in historical context, Routledge, 2002 ISBN 1-56023-193-9 p. 160
 * 8) ^ Jump up to: a b c Dudley Clendinen, Adam Nagourney Out for Good: The Struggle to Build a Gay Rights Movement in America, Simon & Schuster, 2001 ISBN 0-684-86743-5, p. 104
 * 9) ^ Bonnie Zimmerman Lesbian histories and cultures: an encyclopedia Garland Pub., 2000 ISBN 0-8153-1920-7, p. 322
 * 10) ^ Penny A. Weiss, Marilyn Friedman Feminism and community, Temple University Press, 1995 ISBN 1-56639-277-2 p. 131
 * 11) ^ Charlotte Bunch (1972). "Lesbians in Revolt: Male Supremacy Quakes and Quivers".
 * 12) ^ Davis, Flora. Moving the Mountain: The Women's Movement in America since 1960, University of Illinois Press, 1999, ISBN 0-252-06782-7, p271
 * 13) ^ Jump up to: a b Bunch, Charlotte/The Furies Collective, "Lesbians in Revolt", in The Furies: Lesbian/Feminist Monthly, vol. 1, January 1972, pp.8–9
 * 14) ^ Bunch, Charlotte. (November 1976). Learning from Lesbian Separatism. Ms.
 * 15) ^ Hoagland, Sarah Lucia. (1988). Lesbian Ethics: Towards a New Value. Institute for Lesbian Studies. Palo Alto, California.
 * 16) ^ Tallen, Bette S. Lesbian Separatism: A Historical and Comparative Perspective, in For Lesbians Only: A Separatist Anthology, Onlywomen Press, 1988, ISBN 0-906500-28-1, p141
 * 17) ^ Jump up to: a b
 * 18) ^ Empowering the Goddess Within Archived 2012-02-12 at the Wayback Machine, by Jessica Alton
 * 19) ^ Goddesses and Witches: Liberation and Countercultural Feminism Archived 2014-10-26 at the Wayback Machine, by Rosemary Ruether
 * 20) ^ Jump up to: a b
 * 21) ^, Retrieved 2013-05-29.
 * 22) ^ Jump up to: a b
 * 23) ^ Love, Barbara J. Feminists Who Changed America, 1963-1975
 * 24) ^ Bonnie Zimmerman Lesbian histories and cultures: an encyclopedia, Garland Pub., 2000 ISBN 0815319207 p. 134
 * 25) ^ Vicki Lynn Eaklor Queer America: a GLBT history of the 20th century, ABC-CLIO, 2008 ISBN 0313337497 p. 145
 * 26) ^ Jump up to: a b Flora Davis Moving the mountain: the women's movement in America since 1960, University of Illinois Press, 1999 ISBN 0-252-06782-7 p. 264
 * 27) ^ Cheshire Calhoun Feminism, the Family, and the Politics of the Closet: Lesbian and Gay Displacement, Oxford University Press, 2003 ISBN 0-19-925766-3 p. 27
 * 28) ^ Carolyn Zerbe Enns Feminist theories and feminist psychotherapies: origins, themes, and diversity, Routledge, 2004 ISBN 078901808X p. 105
 * 29) ^ Jump up to: a b c Leading the Fight | National Organization for Women. NOW. Retrieved on 2014-07-25.
 * 30) ^ Plan of Action. Lindagriffith.com (1978-01-15). Retrieved on 2014-07-25.
 * 31) ^ 1996, Marsha Meskimmon, "The Art of Reflection: Women's Artists' Self-portraiture in the Twentieth Century, "Columbia University Press."
 * 32) ^ Reviewed Works: Heresies: "Sex Issue." No. 12, 1981 ; Coming to Power: Writings and Graphics on Lesbian S/M by Samois; Against Sadomasochism: A Radical Feminist Analysis by Robin Ruth Linden, Darlene R. Pagano, Diana E. H. Russell, Susan Leigh Star; Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexuality by Ann Snitow, Christine Stansell, Sharon Thompson.
 * 33) ^ Common Lives/Lesbian Lives Records, Iowa Women's Archives, University of Iowa Libraries, Iowa City, Iowa Archived August 21, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
 * 34) ^ Rose, Katrina C. (2004) "The Man Who Would be Janice Raymond." Transgender Tapestry 104, Winter 2004
 * 35) ^ Julia Serano (2007) Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity, pp. 233-234
 * 36) ^ Namaste, Viviane K. (2000) Invisible Lives: The Erasure of Transsexual and Transgendered People, pp. 33-34.
 * 37) ^ Wayne, Tiffany K., and Lois W. Banner. Women's Rights in the United States: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Issues, Events, and People. Illustrated ed. N.p.: ABC-CLIO, 2014. Print.
 * 38) ^ Raymond, Janice. (1994). The Transsexual Empire, p. 104
 * 39) ^ Raymond, Janice. (1994). The Transsexual Empire, pp. 101-102.
 * 40) ^ Hubbard, Ruth, 1996, "Gender and Genitals: Constructs of Sex and Gender," in Social Text 46/47, p. 163.
 * 41) ^ Jump up to: a b c d
 * 42) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g
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 * 44) ^ Jump up to: a b
 * 1) ^ Vicki Lynn Eaklor Queer America: a GLBT history of the 20th century, ABC-CLIO, 2008 ISBN 0313337497 p. 145
 * 2) ^ Jump up to: a b Flora Davis Moving the mountain: the women's movement in America since 1960, University of Illinois Press, 1999 ISBN 0-252-06782-7 p. 264
 * 3) ^ Cheshire Calhoun Feminism, the Family, and the Politics of the Closet: Lesbian and Gay Displacement, Oxford University Press, 2003 ISBN 0-19-925766-3 p. 27
 * 4) ^ Carolyn Zerbe Enns Feminist theories and feminist psychotherapies: origins, themes, and diversity, Routledge, 2004 ISBN 078901808X p. 105
 * 5) ^ Jump up to: a b c Leading the Fight | National Organization for Women. NOW. Retrieved on 2014-07-25.
 * 6) ^ Plan of Action. Lindagriffith.com (1978-01-15). Retrieved on 2014-07-25.
 * 7) ^ 1996, Marsha Meskimmon, "The Art of Reflection: Women's Artists' Self-portraiture in the Twentieth Century, "Columbia University Press."
 * 8) ^ Reviewed Works: Heresies: "Sex Issue." No. 12, 1981 ; Coming to Power: Writings and Graphics on Lesbian S/M by Samois; Against Sadomasochism: A Radical Feminist Analysis by Robin Ruth Linden, Darlene R. Pagano, Diana E. H. Russell, Susan Leigh Star; Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexuality by Ann Snitow, Christine Stansell, Sharon Thompson.
 * 9) ^ Common Lives/Lesbian Lives Records, Iowa Women's Archives, University of Iowa Libraries, Iowa City, Iowa Archived August 21, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
 * 10) ^ Rose, Katrina C. (2004) "The Man Who Would be Janice Raymond." Transgender Tapestry 104, Winter 2004
 * 11) ^ Julia Serano (2007) Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity, pp. 233-234
 * 12) ^ Namaste, Viviane K. (2000) Invisible Lives: The Erasure of Transsexual and Transgendered People, pp. 33-34.
 * 13) ^ Wayne, Tiffany K., and Lois W. Banner. Women's Rights in the United States: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Issues, Events, and People. Illustrated ed. N.p.: ABC-CLIO, 2014. Print.
 * 14) ^ Raymond, Janice. (1994). The Transsexual Empire, p. 104
 * 15) ^ Raymond, Janice. (1994). The Transsexual Empire, pp. 101-102.
 * 16) ^ Hubbard, Ruth, 1996, "Gender and Genitals: Constructs of Sex and Gender," in Social Text 46/47, p. 163.
 * 17) ^ Jump up to: a b c d
 * 18) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g
 * 19) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g
 * 20) ^ Jump up to: a b
 * 1) ^ Rose, Katrina C. (2004) "The Man Who Would be Janice Raymond." Transgender Tapestry 104, Winter 2004
 * 2) ^ Julia Serano (2007) Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity, pp. 233-234
 * 3) ^ Namaste, Viviane K. (2000) Invisible Lives: The Erasure of Transsexual and Transgendered People, pp. 33-34.
 * 4) ^ Wayne, Tiffany K., and Lois W. Banner. Women's Rights in the United States: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Issues, Events, and People. Illustrated ed. N.p.: ABC-CLIO, 2014. Print.
 * 5) ^ Raymond, Janice. (1994). The Transsexual Empire, p. 104
 * 6) ^ Raymond, Janice. (1994). The Transsexual Empire, pp. 101-102.
 * 7) ^ Hubbard, Ruth, 1996, "Gender and Genitals: Constructs of Sex and Gender," in Social Text 46/47, p. 163.
 * 8) ^ Jump up to: a b c d
 * 9) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g
 * 10) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g
 * 11) ^ Jump up to: a b
 * 1) ^ Raymond, Janice. (1994). The Transsexual Empire, pp. 101-102.
 * 2) ^ Hubbard, Ruth, 1996, "Gender and Genitals: Constructs of Sex and Gender," in Social Text 46/47, p. 163.
 * 3) ^ Jump up to: a b c d
 * 4) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g
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