User:Alexander Doria/Drafts

For bibliometrics: mutiny https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2019/01/14/elsevier-journal-editors-resign-start-rival-open-access-journal

Missing for economics:
 * From readers to authors: hybrid and full open access => Plan S.
 * Diversification of revenue streams => Moore
 * Consolidation of the common ecosystem (2015-) => Plan S
 * Commercial services and prestige => + Puehringer et al., p. 6 / + concentration with MDPI
 * Economic regulation of open science => Impact of Plan S on other aspects.

The Economics of open science describe the economic aspects of making a wide range of scientific ouputs (publication, data, software) to all levels of society.

Open science involves a plurality of economic models and goods. Journals and other academic institutions (like scientific societies) have historically favored a knowledge club or a toll access model: publications are managed as a community service for the selected benefit of academic readers and authors. After the Second World War, large commercial publishers such as Pergamon, Elsevier or [[Springer, have partly absorbed or outcompted non-profits structure and apply an industrial approach to scientific publishing. The development of the web challenged the values and the organization of existing actors. While initially distanced by new competitors, leading publishers have started to flip to author-pay models after 2000, funded through article processing charges. The negociation of transformative deals had created a large market for open science that new international initiative like the cOAlition S attempt to regulate. The emergence of a global open science movement, the enlargement of scientific readership beyond professionnal researchers and increasing concerns for the sustainability of key infrastructures has entailed the development of open science commons. Journals, platforms, infrastructures and repositories have been increasingly structured around a shared ecosystem of services and self-governance principles.

The coexistence of several economic models and the untraceability of open diffusion makes it difficult to asses the cost and benefits of open science. Due to economies of scale and reduced externalities, open publishing is less costly overall than subscription models. The conversion of leading publishers to open science has entailed a significant increased in article processing charges, as the prestige of well-known journals make it possible to extract a high consent to pay. Studies of open science benefits have also highlighted significant efficiency gain in bibliographic and data research, identification of previous findings and text and data mining projects. Although the overall economic and social impact of open science could be considerable, it has been hardly estimated.

The development of open science has created new forms of economic regulations of scientific publishing, as funders and institutions has come to acknowledged that this sector no longer operated in normal market conditions. International coordinations like the cOAlitionS attempt to set up global rules and norms on to manage the transition to open science.

Open science infrastructures have been theorized and imagined long before they became technically feasible.

While the meaning of open science infrastructure was only fixated after 2015 it encompasses numerous previous concepts and movements which have been gradually developed along with computing techniques since the Second World War:

"We have witnessed important changes in research and knowledge production in recent decades [which] offer new opportunities for the sharing and connecting of information and resources–data, code, publications, computing power, laboratories, instruments, and major equipment (…) These phenomena have been cast under several labels such as big science, data-driven science, networked science, open science, Digital Humanities, and science 2.0. Other terms used are: e-Science, e-Social Science, e-Research, e-Infrastructure, and cyberinfrastructure."