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Cognitive Neuroprosthetics

This Review summarizes the history, current status and challenges of developing a non-invasive cognitive brain-computer interface. Neurosurgical patients undergoing epilepsy surgery or removal of tumors in eloquent brain areas offer the best currently available opportunities for neurophysiological research with excellent signal quality and the development of invasive brain-computer interfaces. In parallel, non-invasive brain-computer interfaces are being developed, mainly using surface electroencephalographic data. Invasive brain-computer interface research can only be performed on a very small population. Furthermore, the gained knowledge from diseased states might not be applicable to normal physiology. Non-invasive brain-computer interfaces can be developed with and for a much broader population, but skull artifacts limit spatial resolution, leading to poor signal quality and increased training times. Neurotechnologies have already shown interesting possibilities for rehabilitating severely disabled patients. Developing a non-invasive cognitive brain-computer interface with bi-directional communication expands the field of application from rehabilitation and restoration to enhancing human capabilities and transhumanism. Therefore, it has the potential to completely revolutionize the way we interact with computers and with the world as a whole. More basic research benefiting from clinically indicated invasive procedures is needed. In parallel, better non-invasive interfacing technologies must be developed in order to provide high quality human-computer interaction to the entire human population.

We live in a digital world. However, our interaction with computers in inherently slowed

Definition
A cognitive neuroprostetic is a device that interfaces between the mind and a machine, allowing for direct transfer of information between the mind and whatever given device on the receiving end. This shortcuts the traditional motor and sensory pathways.

The information conveyed can be

Input

 * Sensory
 * Touch
 * Sound
 * Speech
 * Consciousness
 * Memory
 * Conceptual
 * Visual
 * Text
 * Visual
 * Text

Output

 * Motor
 * Text
 * Music
 * Concept
 * Emotion

Prominent Researchers
For a long time, our understanding of the brain has been informed by the study of subjects with lesions in specific locations (Phineas Gage, Henry Molaison, Broca, Wernicke, etc.). Correlating the absence of a specific function with a lesion in a single patient led to the teaching of these brain areas to be responsible of that function in all humans. Invasive neurophysiology has questioned these principles. For example, the classical concept of Wernicke's area being responsible for speech perception has been called into question by cortical stimulation mapping studies. Only 36% of patients exhibited a response to stimulation in one given area.
 * Ted Berger
 * Wilder Penfield
 * Edward Chang
 * Aldo Faisal
 * Alexa
 * U Penn guy

Invasive

 * ECoG
 * SSEEG
 * Awake Craniotomy

Non-Invasive

 * EEG
 * transcranial direct stimulation
 * Functional magnetic resonance imaging

Engineering

 * Bit Rate

Private Companies

 * Kernel.co
 * Neuralink
 * Facebook

Outlook
We need to understand how and where the brain processes cognitive content. Then we need to develop a non-invasive technology to interface with this control station.

Science Fiction
Science Fiction is well ahead of science when comes to conceptualizing potential application and ethical conflicts regarding brain-computer interfaces.


 * Strange Days (film)
 * Chuck Movie Series
 * Johnny Mnemonic
 * Transcendence (2014 film)

Application

 * Control a computer
 * Access to Information