User:Alexdsferrer/Land Back

Land Back, also referred to with hashtag #LandBack, is a decentralised campaign that emerged in the late 2010s among Indigenous Australians, Indigenous peoples in Canada, Native Americans in the United States, other indigenous peoples and allies who seek to reestablish Indigenous sovereignty, with political and economic control of their ancestral lands. Activists have also used the Land Back framework in Mexico, and scholars have applied it in New Zealand and Fiji. Land Back is part of a broader Indigenous movement for decolonisation.

Description[edit]
Land Back aims to reestablish Indigenous political authority over territories that Indigenous tribes claim by treaty. Scholars from the Indigenous-run Yellowhead Institute at Toronto Metropolitan University describe it as a process of reclaiming Indigenous jurisdiction. The NDN Collective describes it as synonymous with decolonisation and dismantling white supremacy. Land Back advocates for Indigenous rights, preserves languages and traditions, and works toward food sovereignty, decent housing, and a clean environment.

Land Back was introduced in 2018 by Arnell Tailfeathers, a member of the Blood Tribe, a nation within the Blackfoot Confederacy. It then quickly became a hashtag (#LandBack), and now appears in artwork, on clothes and in beadwork. These creations are often used to raise funds to support water protectors and land defenders who protest against oil pipelines in North America.

The Black Hills land claim and protests at Mount Rushmore during Donald Trump's 2020 presidential campaign was a catalyzing moment for the movement in the United States.

Philosophy[edit]
The NDN Collective describes the Land Back campaign as a metanarrative that ties together many different Indigenous organizations similar to the Black Lives Matter campaign. They say that the campaign enables decentralised Indigenous leadership and addresses structural racism faced by Indigenous people that is rooted in theft of their land.

Land Back promotes a return to communal land ownership of traditional and unceded Indigenous lands and rejects colonial concepts of real estate and private land ownership. Return of land is not only economic, but also implies the return of relationships and self-governance.

Land Back does not mean that non-Indigenous people should be made to leave unceded Indigenous lands.

Two-Spirit
'''The foundational philosophy behind the intersection of Two-Spirit identities and radical sovereignty in Indigenous contexts is rooted in the holistic understanding of existence that many Indigenous cultures share. This worldview acknowledges the inherent interconnectedness of gender, land, spirituality, and community governance. Two-Spirit individuals traditionally held specific roles that were integral not just to social and ceremonial life but also to governance and the stewardship of communal resources, including land. In many Indigenous societies, gender roles were not strictly binary but encompassed a spectrum of identities, with Two-Spirit people often recognized for their unique abilities to mediate, heal, and connect different community elements. Their roles could include those of warriors, mediators, matchmakers, and custodians of traditional songs and stories, which are crucial for the transmission of cultural knowledge and values essential to community cohesion and resilience. '''

Methods[edit]
'''Before we delve into the complexities of settler colonialism's impact on Indigenous identities, it is crucial to establish a common understanding of several pivotal concepts. Rhetorical imperialism is the practice by which dominant powers impose their own language and categories upon Indigenous communities, often reshaping identities and cultural perceptions in ways that serve colonial agendas. Radical sovereignty refers to the inherent right and ability of Indigenous peoples to maintain and assert political and cultural independence, often in opposition to the nation-states that encompass their traditional territories. Two-Spirit is a term embraced by some Indigenous peoples to describe a traditional third-gender or other gender-variant roles in their cultures, which encompasses a spectrum of spiritual, social, and sexual attributes that are integral to their community's social fabric.'''

"By replacing Indigenous place names with those of colonizers, a form of symbolic and physical dispossession occurs, which is a central feature of rhetorical imperialism. This practice not only alters the landscape but also the cultural narratives that define a people’s connection to their environment, fundamentally disrupting their epistemological foundations."

Actions[edit]
In 2020, electronic music group, A Tribe Called Red produced a song "Land Back" on their album The Halluci Nation, to support the Wet’suwet’en resistance camp and other Indigenous-led movements. In July 2020, activists from NDN Collective held a protest on a highway leading to Mount Rushmore, where Donald Trump was to give a campaign speech. The site, known to the Sioux in English as "The Six Grandfathers," is on sacred, unceded land, subject to the Black Hills land claim. These protestors drafted the "Land Back Manifesto", which seeks "the reclamation of everything stolen from the original Peoples". Also in 2020, Haudenosaunee people from the Six Nations of the Grand River blockaded 1492 Land Back Lane to shut down a housing development on their unceded territory. [citation needed]

In 2021, Nicholas Galanin (Tlingit/Unangax) created a gigantic "Indian Land" sign – in letters reminiscent of southern California's Hollywood sign – at the entry for the Desert X festival. On July 4, 2021, in Rapid City, South Dakota, a city very close to the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, four people were arrested after climbing a structure downtown and hanging an upside-down US flag emblazoned with the words "Land Back".

'''Another poignant example of radical sovereignty in action is the Nisga'a Treaty of 1998 in British Columbia, Canada. This treaty marked a historic breakthrough as the Nisga'a Nation successfully negotiated a land claim that was unique because it granted them self-governance over 1,930 square kilometers, allowing them to manage their lands, resources, and governance, independent of Canadian federal law. This case highlights how the Nisga'a utilized legal frameworks to affirm their sovereign rights, showcasing a powerful model of decolonization through self-determination.'''

Transfers[edit]
The Wiyot people have lived for thousands of years on Duluwat Island, in Humboldt Bay on California's northern coast. In 2004 the Eureka City Council transferred land back to the Wiyot tribe, to add to land the Wiyot had purchased. The council transferred another 60 acres (24 ha) in 2006.

The Mashpee Wampanoag have lived in Massachusetts and eastern Rhode Island for thousands of years. In 2007, about 300 acres (1.2 km2) of Massachusetts land was put into trust as a reservation for the tribe. Since then, a legal battle has left the tribe's status—and claim to the land—in limbo.

In 2016 Dr. Mohan Singh Virick, a Punjabi Sikh doctor who served Indigenous people in Cape Breton for 50 years, donated 350 acres (140 ha) of land to Eskasoni First Nation. He also donated a building in Sydney to help house Eskasoni's growing population.

In October 2018, the city of Vancouver, British Columbia returned ancient burial site (the Great Marpole Midden) land back to the Musqueam people. The land is home to ancient remains of a Musqueam house site.

In 2019, the United Methodist Church gave 3 acres (1.2 ha) of historic land back to the Wyandotte Nation of Oklahoma. The US government in 1819 had promised the tribe 148,000 acres (600 km2) of land in what is now Kansas City, Kansas. When 664 Wyandotte people arrived, the land had been given to someone else.

In July 2020, an organization of self-identified Esselen descendants purchased a 1,200-acre ranch (4.9 km2) near Big Sur, California, as part of a larger $4.5m deal. This acquisition, in historical Esselen lands, aims to protect old-growth forest and wildlife, and the Little Sur River.

Land on the Saanich Peninsula in British Columbia was returned to the Tsartlip First Nation in December 2020.

Management of the 18,800-acre (76 km2) National Bison Range was transferred from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service back to the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes in 2021.

In August 2022, the Red Cliff Chippewa in northern Wisconsin had 1,500 acres (6.1 km2) of land along the Lake Superior shoreline returned to them from the Bayfield County government. This came after the tribe signed a 2017 memorandum of understanding with the county, acknowledging the Red Cliff Chippewa's desire to see their reservation boundaries restored in full.