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(colonization)

Pre-European settlement
The area of modern-day greater Christchurch was originally swampland with patchworks of marshland, grassland, scrub and some patches of tall forest of mostly kahikatea, mataī and tōtara. The inner coastal sand dunes were covered in hardier scrub bush, including akeake, taupata, tūmatakuru, ngaio, carmichaelia, and coprosma. Christchurch was rich in birdlife prior to European colonisation, as they burned down forests and introduced predators, it led to local extinction of native birds, notably tūī and kākāpō.{sfn|Wilson|2005|pp=9–10}

Evidence of human activity in the area goes as far back as 1250 AD, with evidence of prolonged occupation beginning no later than 1350 AD. These people in the pre-historic Māori period are believed to have been moa-hunters, who occupied coastal caves around modern-day Sumner. These early settlers and their descendants are known from Ngāi Tahu tradition as the Waitaha iwi. Around c. 1500 the Kāti Māmoe tribe migrated south from the east coast of the North Island, and gained control of much of Canterbury. They were later joined by Ngāi Tahu beginning in c. 1600, who ultimately absorbed both the Waitaha and Kāti Māmoe through a mixture of conflict and marriage. {sfn|Rice|2008|pp=9–10}

For these early Māori, the area of Christchurch was an important foraging ground and a seasonal settlement.{sfn|Wilson|2005|p=18} The nearby major Ngāi Tahu pā at Kaiapoi was dependent on food gathered from the surrounding area, and the marshland rivers of Christchurch (the Avon River / Ōtākaro, Ōpāwaho / Heathcote River and the Styx River) were one of the richest eel-fisheries in the country,{sfn|Evison|1993|pp=6, 201, 153} with semi-permanent eel weirs dotted along them. The cabbage trees that grew abundantly in the marshes were used to make sugar.{sfn|Evison|1993|pp=6, 201, 153}

The most notable Māori settlements within Christchurch during the early-nineteenth century were at Pūtarikamotu. in modern-day Riccarton, and Papanui. In both cases these were located in areas of surviving tall forest. In South New Brighton there was a major Māori settlement named Te Kai-a-Te-Karoro, this was an important area that had kelp gull presence and mānuka scrub. Te Ihutai (The Avon Heathcote Estuary) was an important food source for local iwi and hapū, the estuary providing food such as, flounder and shellfish. The mudflats near modern-day Sumner, were called Ohika paruparu. Shellfish was primarily gathered there. North New Brighton and the Travis Wetland were originaly called Ōruapaeroa, this area previously was rich in eels and birdlife, numerous whare were demolished in 1862, after an early European settler acquired the land. Pūtarikamotu in particular was an important seasonal camp and foraging ground, providing birds, eels and fish. The main walking track connecting the major Ngāi Tahu settlements at Kaiapoi and Rāpaki passed through the heart of what is today the Christchurch Central City.

In 1916, Opawa was incorporated in to the city area.



Aranui's boundaries.

The area ocupying modern-day Spreydon was called Wai Mōkihi and the relatively minor settlement here was known as Ōmōkihi. {Sfn|Taylor|1952|p=49}

Historically, the railway had local significance. In Opawa, residents frequently had trains passing daily through the suburb. There are no longer any public railway stations in Opawa,

TOPO 50 CCC (2014)--

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Opawa: The Outpost on the Banks of the Heathcote

ISBN : 9780473124045

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Māori in South Canterbury
Before European colonisation the Ashburton District was rich in wildlife and forestry mataī, kānuka tōtara, kōwhai, tī kōuka. A notable mataī tree named "Hine Paaka" once stood near Alford Forest. Bird-catching parties used spears to catch kererū and kākā in the surronding forrest.

Te Rehe and his sons regularly guided and government agents and surveyors through the South Canterbury region and hosted them at the prominent pā of Te Waiateruatī near the Ōpihi River.