User:Alicemarron/Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005

Pursuant to the Act, the aggrieved person is defined as "any woman who is, or has been, in a domestic relationship with the respondent and who alleges to have been subjected to domestic violence by the respondent." This law protects not only women from violence within their husband-wife relationships, but women living in the same home with people with whom they are in a domestic relationship with. This protects women from violence within their relationships by marriage (ex: husband-wife, daughter-in-law with father-in-law/mother-in-law/etc), relationships by blood (ex: father-daughter, sister-brother), relationships by adoption (ex: adopted daughter-father), and even relationships in the nature of marriage (ex: live-in relationships, legally invalid marriages). This Act was considered to be the first piece of legislation to provide legal recognition and protection to relationships outside of marriage.

Domestic violence is defined by Section 3 of the Act as "any act, omission or commission or conduct of the respondent shall constitute domestic violence in case it:


 * 1) harms or injures or endangers the health, safety, life, limb or well-being, whether mental or physical, of the aggrieved person or tends to do so and includes causing physical abuse, sexual abuse, verbal and emotional abuse and economic abuse; or
 * 2) harasses, harms, injures or endangers the aggrieved person to coerce her or any other person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any dowry or other property or valuable security; or
 * 3) has the effect of threatening the aggrieved person or any person related to her by any conduct mentioned in clause (a) or clause (b); or
 * 4) otherwise injures or causes harm, whether physical or mental, to the aggrieved person."

The Act includes and defines not only physical violence, but also other forms of violence such as emotional/verbal, sexual, and economic abuse through the section Chapter 1 - Preliminary.

Rights
Pursuant to Chapter III of the Act, the aggrieved person has the right to:

The aggrieved person also has the right to reside in the shared home regardless of whether or not she has any title or ownership over the home.
 * 1) "Apply for a protection order, an order for monetary relief, a custody order, a residence order, and/or a compensation order;
 * 2) "Free legal services under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987;
 * 3) "File a complaint under section 498A of the Indian Penal Code."

Shelter homes
The Act recognizes the aggrieved person's right to reside in the shared household; however, the Act also establishes the aggrieved person's right to reside in a shelter home as a form of relief. A Protection Officer or a service provider may also request this shelter on behalf of the aggrieved person. The Ministry of Women and Child Development in each State or Union Territory is required to recognize and notify of shelter homes available to aggrieved persons.

Medical Facilities
Medical Facilities are bound to provide free medical aid, even if the aggrieved woman requests aid without any prior recommendation either from the Protection Officer or the Service Provider. The obligations of the Medical Facility are independent of, and shall be fulfilled regardless of the fulfillment of, those of the Protection Officer and Service Provider.

Implementation
There are several gaps in the implementation of the law. Lack of awareness of the law, and therefore the accessibility and awareness of services, types of relief, and legal rights, prevents proper implementation of the law. Some of these implementation issues revolve around some districts, such as Odisha, giving these new regulation responsibilities to existing officers rather than employing new Protection Officers. This implementation gap results in duties pertaining to the Act being unfulfilled as PO responsibilities fall secondary to the officers' prior duties. Another barrier to the implementation of the law is the lack of meaningful immediate relief for survivors of domestic violence. In most districts, shelter homes are the only available form of immediate relief; survivors of domestic violence often also need "medical treatment, trauma counseling, clothes and ready cash, which are not provided in the shelter homes."

Beyond enforcement, implementation is also dependent on the slow-moving social acceptability of reporting these cases.

Criticism
India's Committee on Reforms of Criminal Justice System wrote a report on offenses against women, in which the committee sought to expand the definition of "wife" to include women who lived with a man as his wife for a long period of time "during the subsistence of the first marriage". This specification implicated this expanded definition of "wife" refers to relationships between a woman and an already married man, rather than non-marital relationships. When Maharashtra attempted to follow the recommendations in the Committee's report, the legal status of non-marital, live-in relationships was brought into public discussion. The protection of women in non-marital live-in relationships in the same law applied to marital relationships was construed as an effort to legalize secondary marriages or non-marital live-in relationships. The Committee's recommendations were in fact cited in a legal case, Chanmuniya vs Virendra Kumar Singh Kushwaha and Another (2010), to support an interpretation of the definition of "wife" to include relationships where a marriage is "presumed" due to a long period of cohabitation.

As this Act provide legal recognition and protection to relationships outside of marriage.