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Gender equality

[[article 1]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_equality]

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. This article needs attention from an expert on the subject. (November 2012) This article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2013) This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. (June 2013) This article's lead section may not adequately summarize key points of its contents. (June 2013) Gender equality, also known as sex equality,sexual equality or equality of the genders implies that men and women should receive equal treatment, unless there is a sound biological reason for different treatment.[1] This concept is key in the United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights, where the ultimate aim is to provide equality in law and in social situations, especially in democratic activities and securing equal pay for equal work. The Equal Rights Amendment in the United States also aims to ensure gender equality. Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Efforts to fight inequality 3 See also 3.1 General issues 3.2 Specific issues 3.3 Laws 3.4 Organizations and ministries 3.5 Historical anecdotal reports 3.6 Other related topics 4 References 5 External links History[edit]

Crystal Clear app kedit.svg This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards, as section. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (June 2013) The Shakers, a celibate evangelical group founded in America in 1774, practised equality of the sexes soon after they began organizing into their own separatist enclaves. In 1788, the head of the Shakers' central ministry, Joseph Meacham, had a revelation that the sexes should be equal, so he brought Lucy Wright into the ministry as his female counterpart, and together they restructured society to balance the rights of the sexes. Meacham and Wright established leadership teams, where each elder, who dealt with the men's spiritual welfare, was partnered with an eldress, who did the same for each female. Each deacon was partnered with a deaconess. Men had oversight of men, and women had oversight of women, while women lived with women and men lived with men. In Shaker society, a woman did not have to be controlled or otherwise owned by any man. After Meacham's death in 1796, Wright was the head of the Shaker ministry until her own death in 1821. Going forward, Shakers maintained the same pattern of gender-balanced leadership for more than 200 years. They also promoted equality with women's rights advocates. In 1853, Shaker brother William Leonard wrote that Shakerism brought an end to the “degradation and oppression of WOMAN,” and suggested that the public discussion of woman’s rights, as well as other reforms, originated with Shakers and was due to their recognition of God as both male and female. In 1859, Shaker Elder Frederick Evans, stated their beliefs by writing that Shakers were “the first to disenthrall woman from the condition of vassalage to which all other religious systems (more or less) consign her, and to secure to her those just and equal rights with man that, by her similarity to him in organization and faculties, both God and nature would seem to demand." Evans and his counterpart, Eldress Antoinette Doolittle, joined women's rights advocates on speaker platforms throughout the north-eastern U.S. in the 1870s. A visitor to the Shakers wrote in 1875, “Each sex works in its own appropriate sphere of action, there being a proper subordination, deference and respect of the female to the male in his order, and of the male to the female in her order [emphasis added], so that in any of these communities the zealous advocates of ‘women’s rights’ may here find a practical realization of their ideal.”[2] The Shakers were more than a radical religious sect on the fringes of American society; they put equality of the sexes into practice. They showed that equality could be achieved and demonstrated how to do it.[3] In the wider society, the movement towards gender equality, especially in Western countries, began with the suffragette movement of the late-19th century, which sought to allow women to vote and hold elected office. There have been substantial changes to women's property rights, particularly in relation to their marital status. (See for example, Married Women's Property Act 1882.) In the 1960s, a more general movement for gender equality developed based on women's liberation and feminism. The central issue was that the rights of women should be the same as men. Main article: Convention against Discrimination in Education Changes in attitudes for equality in education opportunities for boys and girls have also undergone a cultural shift. Main article: Anti-discrimination laws Over time, there have been significant changes in attitudes which have resulted in more legislation. Some changes came about by adopting affirmative action policies. There was also a change in social views including, "equal pay for equal work", as well as most occupations being equally available to men and women, in many countries. For example, many countries now permit women to serve in the armed forces, the police forces and to be fire fighters – occupations that were traditionally reserved for men. Although these continue to be male dominated occupations, an increasing number of women are now especially active in directive fields like politics, and occupy high positions in business. Similarly, there has been an increase in the number of men working in occupations, which in previous generations have been considered women's work, such as nursing, cleaning and child care. In domestic situations, the biological differences between men and women in relation to activities related to child bearing, are more commonly shared where possible, and the role of child rearing is not as widely considered to be an exclusively female role. This allows a women to pursue her career after marriage and following childbirth. Another manifestation of the change in social attitudes, is that women do not necessarily take on their husband's surname after marriage. Many people consider that the objective of gender equality has not been fully achieved, especially in non-Western countries. A highly contentious issue relating to gender equality, is the role of women in religiously orientated societies. For example, the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam declared that women have equal dignity, but not equal rights, and this was accepted by many predominantly Muslim countries. In some Christian churches the practice of the churching of women, may still have elements of Ritual purification and the Ordination of a women to the priesthood may be restricted or forbidden. Some Christians or Muslims believe in Complementarianism, which is a view that holds that men and women have different, but complementing roles. This view may be in opposition to the views and goals of gender equality. In addition, there are also non-Western countries of low religiosity, where the contention surrounding gender equality remains. In China, cultural preference for a male child has resulted in a shortfall of women in the population. Feminism in Japan has made many strides and resulted in the Gender Equality Bureau, but Japan still remains low in gender equality compared to other industrialized nations. Not all ideas for gender equality have been popularly adopted. For example, despite Topfreedom -the right to be bare breasted in public- frequently applies only to males and has remained a marginal issue. Breastfeeding in public is more commonly tolerated, especially in semi-private places such as restaurants.[4] However, this picture of Western progress to gender equality can be seen as severely oversimplified. Indeed, it is the contentious meaning of the term "equality" itself, that makes measuring the gender equality "progress" inherently problematic. Newman and White suggest that equality can be understood in three distinct ways: identical treatment, differential treatment, and fair treatment.[5] Identical treatment is the claim that equality means the deployment of generalized, abstract, content-less reason, unaffected with regards to the gender it addresses.[6] This view assumes that gender differences are entirely socially constructed concepts, and that an underlying gender-neutral human, should be the target of equality. Next, the differential treatment notion of equality is the claim that biological ("sex") differences do, in fact, exist as tangible and real, and that the structuring treatment around these differences is not unequal, as long as these biological differences are accurately defined.[7] The third view, which suggests that equality is fair treatment, is in a sense a reaction to both of the previous two claims. Equality as identical treatment, assumes that the criteria we use to define human nature is itself objective, neutral, and fair for each human. Differential treatment assumes that there are inherent, empirical, and tangible biological differences, that the binary categories of male-female derive from. Theorists like Judith Lorber, Michel Foucualt, Judith Butler, and many more attack both of these essentialist stances, stating that any claim to an underlying human nature is absurd. In short, this is because what it is to be a human is at bottom a product of constructive discursive discourses. As Judith Lorber puts the point: "the paradox of 'human nature' is that it is always a manifestation of cultural meanings, social relationships, and power politics".[8] Furthermore, theorists like Catharine MacKinnon claim that all circulating articulations of this fictitious "universal human" actually reflect socially male biases.[9] That is to say that unadulterated, objective, pure reason is merely a tacit disguise for patriarchal reinforcement.Furthermore, it is clear how the identical treatment model fails on this view. Similarly, by this logic the differential treatment is shown to merely use male rationality to define ,and construct the gender difference, and as a result true equality is precluded. This tacit inequality in our sexual concept poses a particular problem, because Western Liberal Democracies are premised on descriptions of people that describe them as equal. However, this exists alongside a description of women and men that describes them in terms that makes them unequal. So the above claims of this article -that "Non-Western" countries are less gender equal than Western countries- must not be so quickly accepted. Since this acceptance of inequality in sexes is perceived as a natural difference between men and women, it thus, permeates into society relatively undiagnosed. Disguised as objective, the subjective and biased nature of these claims for equal treatment, become particularly difficult to address. This allows the state and its laws to appear to be gender-neutral, and universally applicable, while ignoring the backdrop of the underlying forces that have structured our legal system and personal cognition, in such a way as to promote equality of opportunity for social category males, at the price of inequality for social category females. As Judith Lorber says, "it is the taken-for-grantedness of such everyday gendered behaviour that gives credence to the belief that the widespread differences in what women and men do must come from biology".[10] Furthermore, such a view addressing equality must take on more than formal equality, and become "fair treatment".[5] That is to say, the male paradigm cannot be seen as natural and objective, and bias, preference and affirmative action to address past female discriminations, should be seen as furthering equality. Lorber describes the "bathroom problem" to articulate the inequality of overarching, gender-neutral laws.[11] She describes how men's bathroom norms are used as the standard, when determining how many and how large public bathrooms should be. For various reasons however, women make more frequent use of the bathrooms than men, and as a result there are too few bathrooms for women, and sufficient amount for men. This tacit and structural underpinning of male dominance is particularly dangerous, because it allows for certain instances of female oppression to be viewed and experienced as the woman’s choice. For instance, a woman might not choose to pursue a job that is not compatible with her domestic obligations, while ignoring the structure of the patriarchal family in assigning those domestic roles to her. As a result, the women faces the workplace structuring, that tacitly streams out women that have this domestic duty, in virtue of their strict required hours or inflexibility with days off. As such, the fair treatment model of equality addresses the weaknesses of purely formal equality in addressing such tacit structural and systematic inequality for women. Efforts to fight inequality[edit]

Crystal Clear app kedit.svg This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (June 2013) See also: Gender inequality World bodies have defined gender equality in terms of human rights -especially women's rights- and economic development.[12][13] UNICEF describes that gender equality, "means that women and men, and girls and boys, enjoy the same rights, resources, opportunities and protections. It does not require that girls and boys, or women and men, be the same, or that they be treated exactly alike."[14] The United Nations Population Fund has declared that men and women have a right to equality.[15] "Gender equity" is one of the goals of the United Nations Millennium Project, to end world poverty by 2015. The project claims, "Every single Goal is directly related to women's rights, and societies where women are not afforded equal rights as men can never achieve development in a sustainable manner."[13] Thus, promoting gender equality is seen as an encouragement to greater economic prosperity.[12] For example, nations of the Arab world that deny equality of opportunity to women were warned in a 2008 United Nations-sponsored report, that this dis-empowerment is a critical factor crippling the nations' return to the first rank of global leaders in commerce, learning and culture.[16] In 2010, the European Union opened the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) in Vilnius, Lithuania, to promote gender equality and to fight sex discrimination. It is also worthy to note that gender equality is part of the national curriculum in Great Britain, and many other European countries. Personal, Social and Health Education, religious studies, and Language acquisition curricula tend to address gender equality issues as a very serious topic for discussion and analysis of its effect in society. See also[edit]

Crystal Clear app kedit.svg This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (June 2013) Portal icon	Gender studies portal General issues[edit] Complementarianism Egalitarianism Feminism Gender inequality Gender mainstreaming Masculism Men's rights Right to equal protection Sex and gender distinction Sexism Women's rights Specific issues[edit] Bahá'í Faith and gender equality Female economic activity Female education Gender Parity Index (in education) Gender sensitization Matriarchy Matriname Mixed-sex education Patriarchy Quaker Testimony of Equality Shared Earning/Shared Parenting Marriage (also known as Peer Marriage) Women in Islam Laws[edit] Anti-discrimination law Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women or CEDAW (United Nations, 1979) Danish Act of Succession referendum, 2009 Equal Pay Act of 1963 (United States) Equality Act 2006 (UK) Equality Act 2010 (UK) European charter for equality of women and men in local life Gender Equality Duty in Scotland Gender Equity Education Act (Taiwan) Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act (United States, 2009) List of gender equality lawsuits Paycheck Fairness Act (in the US) Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (United States) Uniform civil code (India) United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 Women's Petition to the National Assembly (France, 1789) Organizations and ministries[edit] Afghan Ministry of Women Affairs (Afghanistan) Centre for Development and Population Activities Christians for Biblical Equality Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality (European Parliament) Equal Opportunities Commission (UK) European Institute for Gender Equality Gender Empowerment Measure, a metric used by the United Nations Gender-related Development Index, a metric used by the United Nations Government Equalities Office (UK) International Center for Research on Women International Society for Peace Ministry of Integration and Gender Equality (Sweden) Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development (Malaysia) Philippine Commission on Women (Philippines) The Girl Effect, an organization to help girls, worldwide, toward ending poverty Historical anecdotal reports[edit] New York Times Other related topics[edit] Global Gender Gap Report Shakers International Men's Day Potty parity Women's Equality Day Illustrators for Gender Equality Gender apartheid References[edit]

Constructs such as ibid., loc. cit. and idem are discouraged by Wikipedia's style guide for footnotes, as they are easily broken. Please improve this article by replacing them with named references (quick guide), or an abbreviated title. (June 2013) Jump up ^ United Nations. Report of the Economic and Social Council for 1997. A/52/3.18 September 1997, at 28: "Mainstreaming a gender perspective is the process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies or programmes, in all areas and at all levels. It is a strategy for making women's as well as men's concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal is to achieve gender equality." Jump up ^ Glendyne R. Wergland, Sisters in the Faith: Shaker Women and Equality of the Sexes (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2011). Jump up ^ Wendy R. Benningfield, Appeal of the Sisterhood: The Shakers and the Woman’s Rights Movement (University of Kentucky Lexington doctoral dissertation, 2004), p. 73. Jump up ^ Jordan, Tim (2002). Social Change (Sociology and society). Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-23311-3. ^ Jump up to: a b Newman, Jacquetta A., and Linda A. White. Women, Politics, and Public Policy: The Political Struggles of Canadian Women. Don Mills, Ont.: Oxford UP, 2012. 14-15. Print. Jump up ^ Ibid., 14. Jump up ^ Ibid., 14. Jump up ^ Kimmel, Michael S., and Amy Aronson. The Gendered Society Reader. New York: Oxford UP, 2011. 18. Print. Jump up ^ Ibid., 17. Jump up ^ Ibid., 16. Jump up ^ Ibid., 14. ^ Jump up to: a b World Bank (September, 2006). Gender Equality as Smart Economics: A World Bank Group Gender Action Plan (Fiscal years 2007–10). ^ Jump up to: a b United Nations Millennium Campaign (2008). "Goal #3 Gender Equity". United Nations Millennium Campaign. Retrieved 2008-06-01. Jump up ^ UNICEF. "Promoting Gender Equality: An Equity-based Approach to Programming". UNICEF. Retrieved 2011-01-28. Jump up ^ UNFPA (February 2006). "Gender Equality: An End in Itself and a Cornerstone of Development". United Nations Population Fund. Retrieved 2008-06-01. Jump up ^ Gender equality in Arab world critical for progress and prosperity, UN report warns, E-joussour (21 October 2008) External links[edit]

Crystal Clear app kedit.svg This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards, as section. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (June 2013) United Nations Rule of Law: Gender Equality, on the relationship between gender equality, the rule of law and the United Nations. HillarysVillage, Forum for women, minorities, members of the gay community and those who are otherwise marginalized. The OneWorld Guide to Gender Equality WomenWatch, the United Nations Internet Gateway on Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women Women's Empowerment, the United Nations Development Program's Gender Team GENDERNET, International forum of gender experts working in support of gender equality. Development Co-operation Directorate of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Gender at the OECD Development Centre, gender activities at the OECD Development Centre Gender Equality as Smart Economics World Bank Women Leadership: Yes she can! The Local Gender equality in Sweden (news collection) Women Can Do It! Return2WorkMums For women returners to the workplace Sexism Discussion Group Sexual Equality and Romantic Love Gender Equality Tracker Gender and Work Database Gender and the Built Environment Database WiTEC – The European Association for Women in Science, Engineering and Technology (SET) Gender Equality in Labour & Life – Online Course focus on PA (SET) National Center for Transgender Equality Egalitarian Jewish Services A Discussion Paper

MD MS programs From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

[[article 2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD_MS_programs]

[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2013) This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. (June 2013) MD/MS stands for Doctor of Medicine and Master of Surgery. This is a dual degree program where the PG diploma holders and DNB (Diplomate of National Board) candidates can upgrade to an MD/MS degree through intermediate programs like PG – upgradation programs. Contents [hide] 1 About MD MS Program 2 Eligibility for the program 3 Duration of MD MS program 4 Evaluation 5 Master Degree Programs 6 References 7 See also About MD MS Program[edit]

The MD/MS Program is a tutor-based program, where students are trained by research professionals on modern enhancements that have been performed in the healthcare industry. The MD/MS program is designed for people who intend to pursue clinical practice and want to develop research skills in a related engineering area. It is also well suited for students who wants to better understand the types of technology they will employ as a practising physician. This program provides funded research experience in engineering, and is expected to lead towards a research publication and provides practice in engineering design and analysis.[1] The entire course is developed as a mentor-based program, where the learners should go through their coaching under their selected guides and their recommended medical centre. The course is mostly on-line, so that doctors can study without leaving their job. Eligibility for the program[edit]

Candidates who have appeared and cleared the DNB exams or doctors with PG Diploma or Degree, can study the PG upgrading program. Duration of MD MS program[edit]

Requirements for the combined MD and Master's degrees, are equivalent to the separate degrees of the Doctor of Medicine, from the School of Medicine and the specific Master's degree from the Graduate School at each campus. The dual degree program can usually be completed within five to six years.[2] Evaluation[edit]

Evaluation of the course is assessed by the guide and university through the thesis or dissertation submitted by the student, based on their research project done. Master Degree Programs[edit]

Biomedical Informatics (BMI) applies statistical techniques and technologies to medical and health sciences.[3] Epidemiology involves the study of disease and predisposing conditions for disease, among human populations in all parts of the world and focuses with an emphasis on approaches to improving levels of health. The MS Program in Epidemiology is presented by the Department of Health Research and Policy (HRP) at the School of Medicine.[4] Health Services Research (HSR) is concerned with the analysis of health policy in public and private sectors. The MS Program in HSR is part of the Department of Health Research and Policy (HRP) at the School of Medicine.[5] Masters of Medicine (MOM) provides serious exposure to clinical medicine, with a view to fostering translational research. Students who pursue the MS in Medicine, while engaged in their doctoral programs, will be highly knowledgeable about human biology and disease, and thus, more able to translate scientific discoveries into useful medical advances.[6] Masters of Human Genetics and Genetic Counselling, is a program that trains students to understand the molecular, clinical and psychological implications of differences in the human genome, and to translate these intricacies to health care professionals, laboratory researchers, patients and families. Graduates of this program will be eligible for board certification by the American Board of Genetic Counselling.[7] References[edit]

Jump up ^ "M.D./M.S. Program | Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth". Engineering.dartmouth.edu. Retrieved 2013-10-07. Jump up ^ "Combined MD/Master's Programs: Office of Student Research: University of Maryland School of Medicine". Medschool.umaryland.edu. 2013-04-02. Retrieved 2013-10-07. Jump up ^ "MS Programs - Education - Stanford University School of Medicine". Med.stanford.edu. 2008-06-20. Retrieved 2013-10-07. Jump up ^ "MS Programs - Education - Stanford University School of Medicine". Med.stanford.edu. 2008-06-20. Retrieved 2013-10-07. Jump up ^ "MS Programs - Education - Stanford University School of Medicine". Med.stanford.edu. 2008-06-20. Retrieved 2013-10-07. Jump up ^ "MS Programs - Education - Stanford University School of Medicine". Med.stanford.edu. 2008-06-20. Retrieved 2013-10-07. Jump up ^ "MS Programs - Education - Stanford University School of Medicine". Med.stanford.edu. 2008-06-20. Retrieved 2013-10-07. See also[edit]

Graduate Medical Program Categories: Master's degreesMedical degreesMedical education

National dish From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

[[article 3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_dish]

[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. This article possibly contains original research. (March 2012) This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. (January 2013)

A national dish is a meal or snack that is considered indigenous to a particular country.[3] A culinary creation can be considered a national dish for a variety of reasons. For example: A staple selection of locally available food items that can be prepared in a distinctive way, such as Fruits de mer, which is served along the west coast of France.[3] A particular exotic ingredient that is produced locally, such as the South American Paprika grown in the European Pyrenees.[3] A festive culinary tradition that forms part of a cultural heritage, such as barbecues at summer camp or fondue at dinner parties and sometimes as a religious practice such as Korban, Pesach or Iftar celebrations, which mark the end of fasting for the day.[3] Contents [hide] 1 Food and cultural identity 2 Platos nacionales 3 National dishes and foods by country 4 Drink 4.1 National liquors 5 References Food and cultural identity[edit]

Main article: Index of sociology of food articles National dishes are part of a country's identity and self-image.[4] During the age of European empire-building, nations would develop a national cuisine to distinguish themselves from their rivals.[5] Zilka Janer observes that it is impossible to choose a single national dish, even unofficially, for countries such as Mexico, because of their diverse ethnic populations and cultures. The cuisine of such countries simply cannot be represented by any single, national dish. Furthermore, because national dishes are so interwoven into a country's sense of identity, strong emotions and conflicts can arise when trying to choose a country's national dish.[4] Platos nacionales[edit]

In Latin America, dishes may be claimed or designated as a "plato nacional". However, in many cases recipes transcend national borders with only minor variations. Both Peru and Ecuador claim ceviche, as their national dish. Colombian ajiaco and the sancocho of the Dominican Republic, Colombia, and Panama, all of which are stews of meats, plantains, and root vegetables, are the plato nacional of them all. Zilka Janer, lecturer on Latin American culture at Hofstra University, observes that this sharing of the same plato nacional by different countries, calls into question the idea that every country has a unique national dish that is special to that country, and indicates that cuisine is something that does not respect national and geopolitical borders.[4] The identification of Latin American national dishes is stronger, Janer notes, amongst expatriate communities in North America. In Latin American countries, the plato nacional is usually part of the cuisine of rural and peasant communities, and not part of the everyday cuisine of city dwellers at all. However, in expatriate communities, they are strongly reclaimed in order to retain the communities' sense of national identity, and ties to one's homeland, and proudly served in homes and restaurants. This is a reaction from the sections within the communities that are attempting to resist social pressures, which push to homogenize such ethnically and culturally diverse communities, into a single all-encompassing group identity such as Latinos or Hispanic Americans.[4] National dishes and foods by country[edit]

This is not a definitive list of national dishes, but rather a list of some foods that have been suggested to be national dishes. Afghanistan: Kabuli Pilav[6] Algeria: Couscous[7] Angola: Muamba de galinha[8] Argentina: Asado,[9] Empanada[10] Armenia: Harissa Aruba: Keshi yena Australia: Vegemite, Meat pie,[11] Roast lamb[12] Azerbaijan: Dolma Austria: Tafelspitz, Wiener Schnitzel Bahamas: Crack conch with peas and rice[13] Bahrain: Machboos[14] Bangladesh: Biryani, Rice and fish, especially Ilish[15] Barbados: Cou-Cou and Flying Fish[16] Belarus: Draniki Belgium: Moules-frites[17] Bermuda: Bermuda fish chowder Bhutan: Ema datshi Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bosnian pot,[18] Ćevapi, Pljeskavica Brazil: Feijoada[19] and Churrasco British Virgin Islands: Fish and Fungi Brunei Darussalam: Ambuyat Bulgaria: Yogurt, Banitsa Burma: Mohinga Cambodia: Amok trey Cameroon: Ndolé Canada: Nanaimo bar,[20] Poutine,[21][22][23] Butter tarts,[24][25] Kraft Dinner,[26] Burgers/Hot dogs/French fries[26] Cape Verde: Cachupa[27] Chile: Asado, Empanada,[citation needed] Cazuela,[citation needed] Pastel de choclo[28] China: No official national dish. Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China Hong Kong: Char siu,[29] dim sum[30] Macau: Minchee[31] Colombia: Ajiaco, Bandeja paisa[32] Costa Rica: Gallo pinto Cuba: Platillo Moros y Cristianos, Ropa vieja, Puerco asado, Yuca con mojo Czech Republic: Vepřo knedlo zelo (roast pork with dumplings and sauerkraut), Svíčková Democratic Republic of the Congo: Poulet Moambé[33] Denmark: Frikadeller, Wienerbrød (Danish pastry), Smørrebrød Dominica: Mountain chicken, Fish broth Dominican Republic: La Bandera ("The Flag") rice, red beans, meat (beef, chicken, pork, or fish). Ecuador: Encebollado,[34] Fritada,[35] Guatitas,[36] Egypt: Ful medames,[37] kushari,[38] molokhia, falafel El Salvador: Pupusa Eritrea: Zigini with injera[39] Estonia: Verivorst with Mulgikapsad (sauerkraut stew) Ethiopia: Wat with injera[40] Finland: Mämmi, Sautéed reindeer France: Crêpe,[41] pot-au-feu[42][43] Gabon: Poulet Nyembwe[44] Georgia: Khachapuri, khinkali Germany: Currywurst,[45] Sauerbraten[46] Bavaria: Weisswurst and Brezn Greece: Fasolada,[47] Moussaka[48] Grenada: Oil Down[49] Guyana: Pepperpot Honduras: Baleada, Carne Asada, Sopa de Caracol (Conch Soup) Hungary: Gulyás[43] Iceland: Hákarl India: No officially anointed national dish.[50][51] See here for a survey of important dishes from various states. Indonesia: Gado-gado,[52] Nasi Goreng,[53] Sate,[1] Soto[54] Iran: Chelo kabab,[55] Ghormeh sabzi Iraq: Samak masgouf[56] Ireland: Colcannon,[57] Irish stew,[58] Breakfast roll, Full breakfast, Battered sausage, Fish and chips Israel: Hummus, falafel,[59][60][61] Israeli salad,[62][63] limonana[64] Italy: Pasta,[65] Polenta,[66] Pizza Jamaica: Ackee and Saltfish[67] Japan: Japanese curry,[68] Ramen,[69] Sushi[70] Jordan: Mansaf[71][72][73] Kazakhstan: Beshbarmak Kenya: Ugali, Sukuma wiki, Nyama choma[74] Kuwait: Machboos Kyrgyzstan: Beshbarmak, laghman Laos: Larb with sticky rice[75][76] Lebanon: Kibbeh,[67] tabbouleh[77] Lithuania: Cepelinai Luxembourg: Judd mat Gaardebounen,[78] smoked neck of pork with broad beans Macedonia: Tavče Gravče Madagascar: Romazava[79] Malaysia: Nasi Lemak[80] Malta: Pastizzi, Rabbit Stew (Fenkata) Mexico: Mole poblano,[81] Tacos Mongolia: Buuz Montenegro: Kačamak, Raštan[82] Morocco: Couscous,[citation needed] Tagine,[citation needed] Pastilla Nicaragua: Gallo pinto Nepal: Dal bhat[83] Netherlands: Stamppot, hutspot New Zealand: Pavlova, Bacon and egg pie,[84] Hāngi, Meat pie, lamb[85] North Korea: Kimchi[86] Norway: Fårikål[87] Pakistan: Biryani, Nihari[88] Paraguay: Sopa paraguaya Peru: Ceviche[89] Philippines: Adobo,[90] Lechon,[91] Sinigang Poland: Bigos, Pierogi,[92] Kotlet schabowy,[93] Żurek Portugal: Bacalhau, Cozido à Portuguesa[citation needed] Puerto Rico: Arroz con gandules with Lechon Republic of the Congo: Poulet Moambé[33] Romania: Mămăligă, Ciorbă de burtă, Sarmale, Mici Russia: Shchi, Okroshka, Borscht, Coulibiac, Ukha Constituent federal subjects of the Russian Federation Republic of Tatarstan: Öçpoçmaq Tula, Russia: Tula gingerbread San Marino: Torta Tre Monti Saudi Arabia: Kabsa Senegal: Thieboudienne Serbia: Ćevapčići,[94] Proja, Kajmak Slovakia: Bryndzové halušky[95] Singapore: Chilli crab,[96] Hainanese Chicken Rice[97] South Africa: Bobotie[98] South Korea: Kimchi,[86] Bulgogi[67] Spain: Paella,[99] tortilla española[100] Sri Lanka: Rice and curry[101] Sudan: Ful medames Sweden: Köttbullar,[102] Kräftskiva,[102][103] Surströmming[104][105] Switzerland: Cervelat,[106] Fondue, Rösti Syria: Kibbeh Tajikistan: O'sh Taiwan: Beef noodle soup, Stinky tofu Tanzania: Ugali[107] Thailand: Pad Thai, Som Tam,[108][109] Tom Yum Goong[110] Trinidad and Tobago: Kallaloo[111] Turkey: Kebab, Sarma, Baklava, Yogurt, Pilav Tunisia: Couscous Turkmenistan: Palaw Uganda: Matoke Ukraine: Borscht[citation needed] United Kingdom: Fish and chips,[112][113][114][115] chicken tikka masala[116][117] England: Beef,[118] especially roast beef;[119] pudding,[120] particularly Christmas plum pudding[121][122] Northern Ireland: Ulster fry[123] Scotland: Haggis[124][125] Wales: Cawl[126] United States: Hot dog, apple pie,[127] hamburger,[67][128] roast turkey. Regional dishes include Jambalaya (Louisiana Creole), New England clam bake (New England), Barbecue (South), Fish boil (Great Lakes). Many states also have at least one official state food. United States Virgin Islands: Fish and Fungi Uruguay: Asado, Chivito Uzbekistan: O'sh[129][130] Venezuela: Pabellón criollo[131] Vietnam: Phở,[132] Bún bò Huế Yemen: Saltah Drink[edit]

National liquors[edit] Main article: List of national liquors A national liquor is an alcoholic drink considered a standard and respected adult beverage in a given country. While many of the drinks statuses may be informal, there is usually a general consensus in a given country, that a specific drink has a national status or is the "most popular liquor" in a given nation. References[edit]

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