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Personal pronouns
The third-person singular personal pronouns are chosen according to the natural gender of their antecedent or referent.

Usage of he
As a general rule, he (and its related forms him, himself, his) is used when the referent is male, or something to which male characteristics are attributed. Using he as a gender-neutral pronoun is traditionally correct, but the usage is increasingly discountenanced. Written with a capital inital letter, He(and Him, His, Himself ) is used with reference to God, as a form of reverential capitalization.

In addition, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, he is "also used generically, without consideration of gender", in reference to an animal. Speakers of certain dialects may use he to refer to what speakers of Standard English would like to use it or she to refer to.

Curiously, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, him was also the objective case of the feminine third person singular pronoun as well as the objective case of the third person plural pronoun in the Late Middle Ages. In other words, him once meant her or them.


 * she (and her, herself, hers) is used when the referent is female, or is an object personified as female – this is common with vessels such as ships and airplanes, and sometimes with countries. An example is in God Bless America: "Stand beside her, and guide her through the night with a light from above."
 * it (and itself, its) is used when the referent is something inanimate or intangible, a non-animal life-form such as a plant, an animal of unknown sex, or, less often, a child when the sex is unspecified or deemed unimportant. It is also used in the interrogative for people in some phrases such as, "Who is it?".

Pronoun agreement is generally with the natural gender of the referent (the person or thing denoted) rather than simply the antecedent (a noun or noun phrase which the pronoun replaces). For example, one might say either the doctor and his patients or the doctor and her patients, depending on one's knowledge or assumptions about the sex of the doctor in question, as the phrase the doctor (the antecedent) does not itself have any specific natural gender. Also, pronouns are sometimes used without any explicit antecedent. However, as noted above (the example with child and daughter), the choice of pronoun may also be affected by the particular noun used in the antecedent.

(When the antecedent is a collective noun, such as family or team, and the pronoun refers to the members of the group denoted rather than the group as a single entity, a plural pronoun may be chosen: compare the family and its origins; the family and their breakfast-time arguments. See also synesis.)

When the referent is a person of unknown or unspecified sex, several different options are possible:
 * use of he or she, he/she, s/he, etc.
 * alternation or random mixture of she and he
 * use of singular they (common especially in informal language)
 * use of it (normally only considered when the referent is a young child)
 * use of generic he (traditional, but not recommended by modern grammars)

Transgender and non-binary people
Most transgender people use the standard pronouns (he, she, etc.) that match their gender identity rather than their sex assigned at birth. Referring to transgender people using natural gender pronouns according to their sex assigned at births, known as misgendering, can be perceived as extremely offensive if done deliberately, and often as embarrassing or hurtful if done accidentally. Most people with a non-binary gender identity use the singular they. A minority accept he or she, alternate between he and she, or prefer gender-neutral pronouns such as zie.

Animals
In principle, animals are triple-gender nouns, being able to take masculine, feminine and neuter pronouns. However, animals viewed as less important to humans, also known as ‘lower animals’, are generally referred to using it; higher (domestic) animals may more often be referred to using he and she, when their sex is known. If the sex of the animal is not known, the masculine pronoun is often used with a sex-neutral meaning. For example:

Person A: Ah, there's an ant

Person B: Well put him outside

Animate pronouns he and she are usually applied to animals when personification and/or individuation occurs. Personification occurs whenever human attributes are applied to the noun. For example:

A widow bird sat mourning for her love.

Specifically named animals are an example of individuation, such as Peter Rabbit or Blob the Whale. In these instances, it is more likely that animate pronouns he or she will be used to represent them.

These rules also apply to other triple-gender nouns, including ideas, inanimate objects, and words like infant and child.

Pronoun switches are typical, and a number of emotive factors play a role in the choice of pronouns when referring to animals. For example, the owners of a cat are very likely to refer to the dog that chased their cat as it rather than he or she, signifying their emotional attitude or intimacy towards their cat, but at the same time signalling distance towards the dog.

Metaphorical gender
Gendered pronouns are occasionally applied to sexless objects in English, such as ships, tools, or robots. This is known as metaphorical gender (as opposed to natural or grammatical gender). This personification of objects is usually done for poetic effect or to show strong emotional attachment.

Although the use of she and he for inanimate objects is not very frequent in Standard Modern English, it is fairly widespread in some varieties of English. Gender assignment to inanimate nouns in these dialects is sometimes fairly systematic. For example, in some dialects of southwest England, masculine pronouns are used for individuated or countable matter, such as iron tools, while the neuter form is used for non-individuated matter, such as liquids, fire and other substances.

One common use of metaphorical gender is referring to ships as she. This is the case even for ships named after men, such as HMS King George V; otherwise, the gender of inanimate objects with proper names tends to match the gender connotation of the name. The origins of this practice are not certain, and it is currently in decline and sometimes considered offensive. In modern English it is advised against by The Chicago Manual of Style, New York Times Manual of Style and Usage, and The Associated Press Stylebook. The Cambridge Dictionary considers the practice "old-fashioned".

The Oxford English Dictionary dates written examples of calling ships she to at least 1308 (in the Middle English period), in materials translated from French, which has grammatical gender. One modern source claims that ships were treated as masculine in early English, and that this changed to feminine by the sixteenth century. In the 1640 English Grammar, author Ben Jonson unambiguously documents the neuter gender "under which are comprised all inanimate things, a ship excepted: of whom we say she sails well, though the name be Hercules, or Henry, or the Prince." Various folk theories on the origin include the tradition of naming of ships after goddesses, well-known women, female family members or objects of affection (though ships have male and non-personal names), the tradition of having a female figurehead on the front of the ship (though men and animals are also used as figureheads), and various justifications (many satirical) comparing the attributes of ships with women.

She is also sometimes used as an alternative to it for countries, when viewed as political entities.