User:Allison OSU/sandbox

Historical applications and techniques[edit]
Depending on time, location and materials available, embroidery could be the domain of a few experts or a widespread, popular technique. This flexibility led to a variety of works, from the royal to the mundane.

Elaborately embroidered clothing, religious objects, and household items often were seen as a mark of wealth and status, as in the case of Opus Anglicanum, a technique used by professional workshops and guilds in medieval England. In 18th-century England and its colonies, samplers employing fine silks were produced by the daughters of wealthy families. Embroidery was a skill marking a girl's path into womanhood as well as conveying rank and social standing.

Conversely, embroidery is also a folk art, using materials that were accessible to nonprofessionals. Examples include Hardanger from Norway, Merezhka from Ukraine, Mountmellick embroidery from Ireland, Nakshi kantha from Bangladesh and West Bengal, and Brazilian embroidery. Many techniques had a practical use such as Sashiko from Japan, which was used as a way to reinforce clothing.

COPIED FROM Embroidery

EDIT TO ADD:

While historically viewed as a pastime, or hobby, for women, embroidery was often used as a form of biography. Women who were unable to access a formal education or, at times, writing implements, were often taught embroidery and utilized it as a means of documenting their lives. In terms of documenting the histories of marginalized groups, especially women of color, embroidery is a means of studying the every day lives of those whose lives largely went unstudied throughout much of history.

= How to Find the OSU Valley Library =

Navigating to the Library from the OSU Site
It is not difficult to navigate to the Oregon State University Library from the school's website. Although it is found on the school's campus, the library offers a number of online services.

History section of "History of African Americans in Philadelphia"
An important landmark in the establishment of a successful African-American community in Philadelphia was the Mother Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church, founded in 1794. In addition, Pennsylvania became the first state to pass an abolition act, titled An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery, on March 1, 1780. One action that resulted from its passage was that all children born in children born in Pennsylvania were free no matter the race of their parents. As a result, African Americans settled in large numbers in the state, and in particular viewed Philadelphia as a "City of hope." By 1830, the Black population of Philadelphia had grown to 15,000, making it the largest urban Black population in the northern part of America.

Philadelphia's Black population continued to rise between 1910 and 1920 when the number of African-Americans reached 134,224. By 1930, that number rose to 219,599, which equaled 11.3% of the total population of Philadelphia.

Francis Johnson, a famous African-American musician and composer, was born in Philadelphia in 1792. In the same speech, Whipper expressed concern to the Colored Reading Society members that in trying to better their education and the education of other African-Americans could be a threat to the way of life of White America. He also cautioned members that there could be opposition to their efforts from African-Americans as well.

Institutions section of "History of African Americans in Philadelphia"
In 1884 The Philadelphia Tribune, an African-American owned and run daily newspaper, was founded. It is still in circulation to this day and is the oldest-running African American newspaper published in the United States.

Education section of "History of African Americans in Philadelphia"
While Pennsylvania may have passed An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery, education was largely inaccessible to African Americans throughout the Nineteenth century. In the late 1820's, African Americans in Philadelphia began forming literary societies of their own. William Whipper, an African American businessman, spoke to one of the early organized African American literary societies called "The Colored Reading Society of Philadelphia." In his speech, Whipper urged African American to open schools and create their own educational opportunities. As a result of this speech, a committee formed to create a library specifically for African American men to read, borrow, and trade books. In the same speech, Whipper expressed concern to the Colored Reading Society members that in trying to better their education and the education of other African-Americans could be a threat to the way of life of White America. He also cautioned members that there could be opposition to their efforts from African-Americans as well.

In 1818, Prince Saunders, an African American scholar, spoke in Philadelphia about access to education for all in front of a group founding what became known as the Philadelphia Augustine Society.

Notable People section of “History of African Americans in Philadelphia”[new]
Sarah Mapps Douglass, an African American abolitionist and writer who was born in Philadelphia in 1806, was also instrumental in furthering education for African Americans in Philadelphia in the Nineteenth century. She was one of the founders of the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society and gave a speech in Philadelphia in 1832. In the same year a speech given at the Female Literary Association in Philadelphia was published anonymously in the "Libertator's 'Ladies' Department'" arguing for the benefits of "a liberal, a classical education" for women. The benefits of education were often tied to the goals of abolition, as evidenced in these speeches as well as another anonymous speech given in Philadelphia in December 1832 in which the speaker urged listeners to use education as a way to "remove that spirit of indifference" which she felt impeded "resistance to oppression."

Sadie Tanner Mossell, an African American scholar, was born in Philadelphia in 1898. She went on to become the first African American woman in the United States to earn a doctorate degree, which she earned from the University of Pennsylvania for her "survey of the living standards of 100 migrant families."

James Forten was one of the most successful businessmen in Philadelphia during the first three decades of the 1800s. Fornten was born in 1766 in Philadelphia as a free person of color. After his father died when he was nine he left school so he could work to provide for his family.

During the Revolutionary War, Forten was a privateer. His ship was captured by the British. He was imprisoned along with the rest of the crew and was able to avoid being enslaved. Upon his release he made his way back to Philadelphia where he became apprenticed to Robert Bridges, a sail-maker. When Bridges died, he left his business to Forten.A successful businessman, Forten dedicated his adult years working for the abolition of slavery and equal rights for African-Americans, women’s right to vote, and the education of African-Americans. In 1817, he and fellow abolitionist Richard Allen worked together to create the Convention of Color, an organization that was established to help slaves that had escaped from slave-owners in the south.